Therapists in Boston, MA

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Photo of Adam Narva, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Adam Narva
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
I work with people in a collaborative way and focus on problems in the present. I try to develop insights that will free up decision-making, and unlock potential, in personal life and at work.
I work with people in a collaborative way and focus on problems in the present. I try to develop insights that will free up decision-making, and unlock potential, in personal life and at work.
(617) 943-9954 View (617) 943-9954
Photo of Emma Naszvadi in Boston, MA
Emma Naszvadi
MA, Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I work with clients seeking to manage stress, understand themselves better, and gain insights into the dynamics of their relationships. I specialize in helping individuals who suffer from anxiety, mood disorders, grief, or emotional dysregulation. I have experience working with individuals from multicultural backgrounds. I am committed to providing a supportive and non-judgmental environment where individuals can feel safe to express themselves and explore their unique identities. I believe that psychotherapy should be tailored to the individual and that each person should be empowered to find their own solutions.
I work with clients seeking to manage stress, understand themselves better, and gain insights into the dynamics of their relationships. I specialize in helping individuals who suffer from anxiety, mood disorders, grief, or emotional dysregulation. I have experience working with individuals from multicultural backgrounds. I am committed to providing a supportive and non-judgmental environment where individuals can feel safe to express themselves and explore their unique identities. I believe that psychotherapy should be tailored to the individual and that each person should be empowered to find their own solutions.
(857) 371-3259 View (857) 371-3259
Photo of Jenny Madsen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Jenny Madsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
Jenny Madsen is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts who has been practicing since 2018. Jenny creates a space of open-mindedness, empathy, humor, and understanding with an enthusiasm for helping others find what works best for their individual life and needs. She can help her clients understand themselves and the situations that are causing stress, depression, or anxiety in their lives. Together, they can work together to create a treatment plan that is unique to the client's situation. In my free time, Jenny enjoys trying new restaurants, going to the beach, and spending time with friends.
Jenny Madsen is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Massachusetts who has been practicing since 2018. Jenny creates a space of open-mindedness, empathy, humor, and understanding with an enthusiasm for helping others find what works best for their individual life and needs. She can help her clients understand themselves and the situations that are causing stress, depression, or anxiety in their lives. Together, they can work together to create a treatment plan that is unique to the client's situation. In my free time, Jenny enjoys trying new restaurants, going to the beach, and spending time with friends.
(781) 437-4558 View (781) 437-4558
Photo of Nircia Del Rosario, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Nircia Del Rosario
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LADC I, CADC II
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
It is not easy to start therapy treatment. An ideal client is a person that, even through all the fears, doubts and questions, takes the first step to start treatment and gives a chance to explore a new technique to find better balance in their life. There could be setbacks in the process but the most important thing is to stay constant. The client is willing to work in their goals and implement skills learned in every session. Also, to ask questions needed, even if they feel afraid, in order to be able to communicate with their therapist in a honest way.
It is not easy to start therapy treatment. An ideal client is a person that, even through all the fears, doubts and questions, takes the first step to start treatment and gives a chance to explore a new technique to find better balance in their life. There could be setbacks in the process but the most important thing is to stay constant. The client is willing to work in their goals and implement skills learned in every session. Also, to ask questions needed, even if they feel afraid, in order to be able to communicate with their therapist in a honest way.
(617) 934-6712 View (617) 934-6712
Photo of Taylor Doan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Taylor Doan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02199  (Online Only)
Hi! My name is Taylor (she/her)! Starting (or re-starting) therapy takes a lot of courage to do. So much of what happens in therapy is a result of therapeutic relationship. For that reason, I hope you’re able to find a therapist with whom you can truly connect and feel understood by. My own therapeutic style fosters collaboration, attentive listening, and at times – some humor.
Hi! My name is Taylor (she/her)! Starting (or re-starting) therapy takes a lot of courage to do. So much of what happens in therapy is a result of therapeutic relationship. For that reason, I hope you’re able to find a therapist with whom you can truly connect and feel understood by. My own therapeutic style fosters collaboration, attentive listening, and at times – some humor.
(617) 925-6839 View (617) 925-6839
Photo of Rebecca La Prade, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Rebecca La Prade
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02127  (Online Only)
Does it feel like anxiety or other emotions hold you hostage? Or do you, your teen, or your college-aged child struggle to make sense of your emotions or feel like emotions (or running from emotions) drive your decisions? Emotions are beautiful and challenging, and I love helping teens, young adults, and adults navigate the storm. I completed my post-doc training at McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the 3East Intensive Program providing adherent DBT therapy to adolescents. I have experience in a range of settings including community mental health, IOP, PHP, and Residential Treatment.
Does it feel like anxiety or other emotions hold you hostage? Or do you, your teen, or your college-aged child struggle to make sense of your emotions or feel like emotions (or running from emotions) drive your decisions? Emotions are beautiful and challenging, and I love helping teens, young adults, and adults navigate the storm. I completed my post-doc training at McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the 3East Intensive Program providing adherent DBT therapy to adolescents. I have experience in a range of settings including community mental health, IOP, PHP, and Residential Treatment.
(617) 410-5538 View (617) 410-5538
Photo of Lisa Diaz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Boston, MA
Lisa Diaz
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02122  (Online Only)
Lisa is a proud Boricua, born and raised in the diaspora. Her identity as the daughter of parents who emigrated from Borikén (presently known as Puerto Rico) has significantly shaped her world-view and continues to fuel her passion for social justice, activism, and the healing of those of the global majority. Lisa utilizes EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) in her clinical practice. Lisa’s therapeutic approach is anchored in the understanding that emotional distress manifests both mentally and within our bodies (somatically), therefore healing needs to include the body.
Lisa is a proud Boricua, born and raised in the diaspora. Her identity as the daughter of parents who emigrated from Borikén (presently known as Puerto Rico) has significantly shaped her world-view and continues to fuel her passion for social justice, activism, and the healing of those of the global majority. Lisa utilizes EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) in her clinical practice. Lisa’s therapeutic approach is anchored in the understanding that emotional distress manifests both mentally and within our bodies (somatically), therefore healing needs to include the body.
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Photo of Michael Goldblatt, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Boston, MA
Michael Goldblatt
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LADC I, CASAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02114  (Online Only)
Welcome! People seek help for different reasons. My hope is to provide you support and another perspective. I have a broad and extensive background in treatment of mental health and substance use. I specialize in providing evidenced based treatment of substance use, depression, anxiety, and trauma. Sometimes people may need support for grief, loss, situational life stressors, or relationship difficulties. I use a trauma informed treatment approach that helps you build on your strengths. I will accept you exactly as you are.
Welcome! People seek help for different reasons. My hope is to provide you support and another perspective. I have a broad and extensive background in treatment of mental health and substance use. I specialize in providing evidenced based treatment of substance use, depression, anxiety, and trauma. Sometimes people may need support for grief, loss, situational life stressors, or relationship difficulties. I use a trauma informed treatment approach that helps you build on your strengths. I will accept you exactly as you are.
(617) 752-8914 View (617) 752-8914
Photo of Thomas Davey, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Thomas Davey
Psychologist, EdD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02115  (Online Only)
To make the decision to enter therapy, whatever your reasons, requires courage and persistence. Maybe you are feeling stuck in your current circumstances or frustrating behavior patterns. Or maybe you struggle with anxiety or depression, or wrestle with the pain of some kind of trauma or abuse. I believe we all are meant to grow and develop; and that some life events or relationships can throw up roadblocks to that natural process of growth. I believe that the combination of insight and hard work with a compassionate and experienced therapist can be very healing and yes, life changing.
To make the decision to enter therapy, whatever your reasons, requires courage and persistence. Maybe you are feeling stuck in your current circumstances or frustrating behavior patterns. Or maybe you struggle with anxiety or depression, or wrestle with the pain of some kind of trauma or abuse. I believe we all are meant to grow and develop; and that some life events or relationships can throw up roadblocks to that natural process of growth. I believe that the combination of insight and hard work with a compassionate and experienced therapist can be very healing and yes, life changing.
(617) 942-1946 View (617) 942-1946
Photo of Joel E. Friedman, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Joel E. Friedman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed psychologist with over 30 years' experience. My approach to psychotherapy is to create a safe, nonjudgmental environment where clients feel they can be themselves. My clients include people from all walks of life who want to work on issues such as difficult relationships, stress/anxiety, depression, conflict with family/friends, loss, difficult workplace situations, codependence, and those who are highly sensitive. I strive to help each client develop his/her own skills to reach their goals, to develop more fulfilling lives, to feel better and have more satisfying relationships.
I am a licensed psychologist with over 30 years' experience. My approach to psychotherapy is to create a safe, nonjudgmental environment where clients feel they can be themselves. My clients include people from all walks of life who want to work on issues such as difficult relationships, stress/anxiety, depression, conflict with family/friends, loss, difficult workplace situations, codependence, and those who are highly sensitive. I strive to help each client develop his/her own skills to reach their goals, to develop more fulfilling lives, to feel better and have more satisfying relationships.
(617) 396-7636 View (617) 396-7636
Photo of Azizi Carle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Azizi Carle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02109  (Online Only)
Azizi Carle is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in the states of Massachusetts and Texas who has over 10 years of experience counseling adults, children, and families. Azizi, better known as Zee, has worked with individuals seeking help for depression, trauma, anger, loss, women's issues, and relationship concerns. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Communication from Framingham State College and received her Masters in Social Work from Simmons College.
Azizi Carle is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in the states of Massachusetts and Texas who has over 10 years of experience counseling adults, children, and families. Azizi, better known as Zee, has worked with individuals seeking help for depression, trauma, anger, loss, women's issues, and relationship concerns. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Communication from Framingham State College and received her Masters in Social Work from Simmons College.
(857) 466-1127 View (857) 466-1127
Photo of Thomas Brewer, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Thomas Brewer
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
I am a Boston-based Clinical Psychologist that takes a relational, empathic approach to treatment. I assist couples, adults, and young adults in achieving psychological and interpersonal health and wellness by fostering a safe and trusting space where they can explore, process, and move through life's difficulties. I understand that each of us have unique strengths, challenges, identities, and life experiences. I work with each client to tailor treatment to their individual needs so they can reach their personal and relational goals, address concerns impacting their well-being, and move towards personal growth and healing.
I am a Boston-based Clinical Psychologist that takes a relational, empathic approach to treatment. I assist couples, adults, and young adults in achieving psychological and interpersonal health and wellness by fostering a safe and trusting space where they can explore, process, and move through life's difficulties. I understand that each of us have unique strengths, challenges, identities, and life experiences. I work with each client to tailor treatment to their individual needs so they can reach their personal and relational goals, address concerns impacting their well-being, and move towards personal growth and healing.
(617) 675-9219 View (617) 675-9219
Photo of Ann L Plater, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Ann L Plater
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02210
There’s no one therapeutic approach to help us live happier lives. Recovery from painful experiences, emotional or physical abuse, a complicated hurt-filled relationship, impasses at work, coping mechanisms that no longer help—these different challenges deserve flexible approaches. Childhood skills no longer fit the problems we face as adults. Grief that couldn’t be dealt with then is more complicated now. Relief from depression and anxiety cannot work if confidence, strength, and intimacy are blocked. Understanding the whole person—creating new approaches and thoughtful solutions to problems—is the way I think and work.
There’s no one therapeutic approach to help us live happier lives. Recovery from painful experiences, emotional or physical abuse, a complicated hurt-filled relationship, impasses at work, coping mechanisms that no longer help—these different challenges deserve flexible approaches. Childhood skills no longer fit the problems we face as adults. Grief that couldn’t be dealt with then is more complicated now. Relief from depression and anxiety cannot work if confidence, strength, and intimacy are blocked. Understanding the whole person—creating new approaches and thoughtful solutions to problems—is the way I think and work.
(857) 217-4724 View (857) 217-4724
Photo of Krystal Garcia, Pre-Licensed Professional in Boston, MA
Krystal Garcia
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, R-DMT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02122  (Online Only)
Krystal Elizabeth Garcia Deras (she/they) M.A., R-DMT is a bilingual/bicultural queer first-generation daughter of immigrants native to Honduras and Nicaragua, and a student of opening her heart wider to herself, life, and all their relations in spirit and in flesh. They are the first college graduate of their Garcia family, earning a Bachelor of Arts in Cultural Anthropology from Bryn Mawr College in 2013 and Master of Arts in Mental Health Counseling Specializing in Dance/Movement Therapy from Lesley University in 2020.
Krystal Elizabeth Garcia Deras (she/they) M.A., R-DMT is a bilingual/bicultural queer first-generation daughter of immigrants native to Honduras and Nicaragua, and a student of opening her heart wider to herself, life, and all their relations in spirit and in flesh. They are the first college graduate of their Garcia family, earning a Bachelor of Arts in Cultural Anthropology from Bryn Mawr College in 2013 and Master of Arts in Mental Health Counseling Specializing in Dance/Movement Therapy from Lesley University in 2020.
(617) 539-7381 View (617) 539-7381
Photo of Kara W. Brown, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Kara W. Brown
Psychologist, EdD, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02215
Waitlist for new clients
I view psychotherapy as a tool for self-development, self-exploration, greater connectedness, and the opportunitiy to feel deeply understood by a caring professional. I also see the therapeutic process as a collaborative one that helps clients gain greater insight, improve self-esteem, and a sense of well being while making real life-long changes.
I view psychotherapy as a tool for self-development, self-exploration, greater connectedness, and the opportunitiy to feel deeply understood by a caring professional. I also see the therapeutic process as a collaborative one that helps clients gain greater insight, improve self-esteem, and a sense of well being while making real life-long changes.
(617) 500-1935 View (617) 500-1935
Photo of Remy Springer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Remy Springer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02130
I see therapy as a collaborative process in which I listen to how you want to move forward with your goals. I always take time to really hear how you, as an individual or couple, want to make changes and respect your own choices in your life. We sometimes find ourselves repeating negative patterns or stuck in challenging situations but have difficulty knowing how to make lasting changes. Therapy can help make this clearer.
I see therapy as a collaborative process in which I listen to how you want to move forward with your goals. I always take time to really hear how you, as an individual or couple, want to make changes and respect your own choices in your life. We sometimes find ourselves repeating negative patterns or stuck in challenging situations but have difficulty knowing how to make lasting changes. Therapy can help make this clearer.
(781) 859-0265 View (781) 859-0265
Photo of Ashley Reeves, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Boston, MA
Ashley Reeves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
The ideal client would finally be open to change and hope to have better interpersonal relationships. This can be a client who struggles with their anxiety, possibly has poor attachment styles, and struggles with holding meaningful relationships (romantic, platonic, familial). Their goals would be identifying healthy boundaries and healthy responses, increasing effective communication skills, and identifying past relationships/present relationships in order to identify patterns/habits.
The ideal client would finally be open to change and hope to have better interpersonal relationships. This can be a client who struggles with their anxiety, possibly has poor attachment styles, and struggles with holding meaningful relationships (romantic, platonic, familial). Their goals would be identifying healthy boundaries and healthy responses, increasing effective communication skills, and identifying past relationships/present relationships in order to identify patterns/habits.
(617) 744-7637 View (617) 744-7637
Photo of Natalia Rosenbaum, Counselor in Boston, MA
Natalia Rosenbaum
Counselor, LMHC, RYT
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
I listen to clients and work in a collaborative process, starting where you are right now. Whether you are in the process of making deep changes, or are in a major life transition, I will guide you integrating a variety of tools. I use Kundalini Yoga meditation and "prescribe" simple three minute meditations to help you change the pathways in your brain so that you can actually help yourself and change in a self empowered way. ***NO PHONE CALLS PLEASE***EMAIL ONLY***
I listen to clients and work in a collaborative process, starting where you are right now. Whether you are in the process of making deep changes, or are in a major life transition, I will guide you integrating a variety of tools. I use Kundalini Yoga meditation and "prescribe" simple three minute meditations to help you change the pathways in your brain so that you can actually help yourself and change in a self empowered way. ***NO PHONE CALLS PLEASE***EMAIL ONLY***
(617) 910-3523 View (617) 910-3523
Photo of Martin R. Pierre, Psychologist in Boston, MA
Martin R. Pierre
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02124
Not accepting new clients
I have the privilege of accompanying clients as they go through some of the most painful and some of the most joyous times of their lives. I see therapy as a journey that the client and therapist take together with the therapist playing the role of a traveling companion, guide, and interpreter. I have extensive experience providing counseling services to adolescents, adults and families in the various clinical settings. The focus of treatment includes improving self-image, changing negative self-talk, and working through trauma. My approach is collaborative, working together to define and achieve therapy goals.
I have the privilege of accompanying clients as they go through some of the most painful and some of the most joyous times of their lives. I see therapy as a journey that the client and therapist take together with the therapist playing the role of a traveling companion, guide, and interpreter. I have extensive experience providing counseling services to adolescents, adults and families in the various clinical settings. The focus of treatment includes improving self-image, changing negative self-talk, and working through trauma. My approach is collaborative, working together to define and achieve therapy goals.
(857) 308-0099 View (857) 308-0099
Photo of Lee Kinsey, Counselor in Boston, MA
Lee Kinsey
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, LPC-S, CST
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
I am a humanistic, certified sex therapist with a sharp wit, a generous dose of humor, and an intense but kind focus on core issues. Some of my clients are working toward feeling more connected in their relationships. Some are working to heal from traumas of the past. Most are looking for an expert therapist, who having tried multiple therapists, need a more comprehensive, philosophically grounded, deeper, and richer experience of self-exploration and healing. My goal is for my clients to experience a connection they may have never felt that helps them build insight, understanding, and the courage and power to heal and grow.
I am a humanistic, certified sex therapist with a sharp wit, a generous dose of humor, and an intense but kind focus on core issues. Some of my clients are working toward feeling more connected in their relationships. Some are working to heal from traumas of the past. Most are looking for an expert therapist, who having tried multiple therapists, need a more comprehensive, philosophically grounded, deeper, and richer experience of self-exploration and healing. My goal is for my clients to experience a connection they may have never felt that helps them build insight, understanding, and the courage and power to heal and grow.
(857) 887-2787 View (857) 887-2787

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Boston, MA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$159

Therapists in Boston, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
69% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
59% Aetna

How Therapists in Boston, MA see their clients

60% Online Only
40% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Boston?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.