Therapists in Durham, NC

Photo of Katie Loebner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Katie Loebner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
Katie provides therapy for adults 18+ facing life transitions, relationship difficulties, anxiety, chronic illness, grief, or identity questions. Katie has over a decade of experience with individuals with acute and chronic illness and their caregivers. She believes you are the expert on you and have power and control over what works best for you. If you are not sure what works, Katie will work with you to find good options. She offers a space where you can show up just as you are to discover and practice ways to feel better, invite more ease, and process hard things.
Katie provides therapy for adults 18+ facing life transitions, relationship difficulties, anxiety, chronic illness, grief, or identity questions. Katie has over a decade of experience with individuals with acute and chronic illness and their caregivers. She believes you are the expert on you and have power and control over what works best for you. If you are not sure what works, Katie will work with you to find good options. She offers a space where you can show up just as you are to discover and practice ways to feel better, invite more ease, and process hard things.
(919) 646-5155 View (919) 646-5155
Photo of Clare A Stadlen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Clare A Stadlen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
You deserve to feel better and we can help. For 30 years CAS Counseling has helped people recover from eating disorders, depression, anxiety, relationship issues and struggles with food, weight, body image, and disordered eating. We see your challenges and we can help you understand, heal, and unlock the door to your best life. You may have forgotten your true self or your sparkle may be a faint memory. With the right help, you can have it back - but better! You are worth the care. You've waited long enough and we're here to help you Now.
You deserve to feel better and we can help. For 30 years CAS Counseling has helped people recover from eating disorders, depression, anxiety, relationship issues and struggles with food, weight, body image, and disordered eating. We see your challenges and we can help you understand, heal, and unlock the door to your best life. You may have forgotten your true self or your sparkle may be a faint memory. With the right help, you can have it back - but better! You are worth the care. You've waited long enough and we're here to help you Now.
(919) 842-5033 View (919) 842-5033
Photo of Joelle Borja, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Joelle Borja
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Sometimes life does not play out as we hope or anticipate. Sometimes we need perspective or insight, or feel the need to pause, reflect, improve and reset ourselves on life's course. Life can be hard and stress is certain. Regardless of your reason for seeking therapeutic services, I am committed to walking this part of your journey with you. My experience includes working with children, families, couples, military service members and those that support them.
Sometimes life does not play out as we hope or anticipate. Sometimes we need perspective or insight, or feel the need to pause, reflect, improve and reset ourselves on life's course. Life can be hard and stress is certain. Regardless of your reason for seeking therapeutic services, I am committed to walking this part of your journey with you. My experience includes working with children, families, couples, military service members and those that support them.
(910) 668-4655 View (910) 668-4655
Photo of Carl L Potter III, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Carl L Potter III
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713
Clients who would benefit from my services are those that suffer from addictive and compulsive behaviors as well as difficulty with depression, anxiety and relational issues. Those seeking mental and relational empowerment through a comprehensive treatment approach can find their goals met here.
Clients who would benefit from my services are those that suffer from addictive and compulsive behaviors as well as difficulty with depression, anxiety and relational issues. Those seeking mental and relational empowerment through a comprehensive treatment approach can find their goals met here.
(984) 201-7688 View (984) 201-7688
Photo of Ben Eckstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Ben Eckstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705
I specialize in the treatment of OCD, OC-Spectrum, and Anxiety Disorders. I have worked in a variety of mental health settings, including inpatient psychiatry, residential, and community mental health. Prior to starting my practice, Bull City Anxiety, I worked at McLean Hospital's OCD Institute in Boston, MA.
I specialize in the treatment of OCD, OC-Spectrum, and Anxiety Disorders. I have worked in a variety of mental health settings, including inpatient psychiatry, residential, and community mental health. Prior to starting my practice, Bull City Anxiety, I worked at McLean Hospital's OCD Institute in Boston, MA.
(919) 939-2795 View (919) 939-2795
Photo of Ascend Counseling, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Durham, NC
Ascend Counseling, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS-A
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hey y'all! I am Alicia Freeman, LCMHC, LCAS-A. I support clients experiencing a range of mental health and/or substance use concerns. For example, I assist client's with manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, and disordered eating. I prioritize individuals who belong to historically marginalized groups. I enjoy working to enhance self-esteem, identity, and cultural awareness. I also focus on establishing healthy relationships skills including communication, boundaries, and conflict resolution. We will establish treatment goals together to improve quality of life.
Hey y'all! I am Alicia Freeman, LCMHC, LCAS-A. I support clients experiencing a range of mental health and/or substance use concerns. For example, I assist client's with manage symptoms of anxiety, depression, and disordered eating. I prioritize individuals who belong to historically marginalized groups. I enjoy working to enhance self-esteem, identity, and cultural awareness. I also focus on establishing healthy relationships skills including communication, boundaries, and conflict resolution. We will establish treatment goals together to improve quality of life.
(919) 849-5175 View (919) 849-5175
Photo of Robert Horne, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Durham, NC
Robert Horne
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCHMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27701  (Online Only)
Robert Horne is a National Certified Counselor, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, Approved Clinical Supervisor, Licensed Clinical Addiction Counselor, and International Advance Alcohol Drug Counselor with over 13 years of mental health and addiction counseling and over 25 years of pastoral counseling experience. He is enthusiastic about assisting adults, couples, and families from diverse backgrounds with overcoming their current and past challenges and moving towards better living experiences. Robert specializes in assisting adults, couples, and families with depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, and relationship concerns.
Robert Horne is a National Certified Counselor, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, Approved Clinical Supervisor, Licensed Clinical Addiction Counselor, and International Advance Alcohol Drug Counselor with over 13 years of mental health and addiction counseling and over 25 years of pastoral counseling experience. He is enthusiastic about assisting adults, couples, and families from diverse backgrounds with overcoming their current and past challenges and moving towards better living experiences. Robert specializes in assisting adults, couples, and families with depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, and relationship concerns.
(919) 629-0909 View (919) 629-0909
Photo of Dr. William Rodriguez Psy. D in Durham, NC
Dr. William Rodriguez Psy. D
PsyD
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
People come to therapy because they want to feel better. Maybe it's relationship problems or anxiety/depression, but whatever the reason, life has become uncomfortable or painfull. Most people want more understanding of themselves and their situation. That being said change is what we all seek in therapy.Making your life work better is the goal. My therapy will help you alter self-defeating ways, get a more realistic and accurate perspective, gain insight that leads to improving the quality of your life.
People come to therapy because they want to feel better. Maybe it's relationship problems or anxiety/depression, but whatever the reason, life has become uncomfortable or painfull. Most people want more understanding of themselves and their situation. That being said change is what we all seek in therapy.Making your life work better is the goal. My therapy will help you alter self-defeating ways, get a more realistic and accurate perspective, gain insight that leads to improving the quality of your life.
(919) 648-0455 View (919) 648-0455
Photo of Logan Greenleaf, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Logan Greenleaf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713  (Online Only)
My style is heavily collaborative with my clients, and I work hard to ensure clients feel comfortable and heard regardless of identity or background. I make continual efforts to stay educated, and my passion lies with underserved populations in need of safe places to seek counseling. Sessions are goal-oriented, strengths-based, and my role more like a Virgil to a client's Dante; I intend to serve as a gentle and informed companion on a client's personal journey.
My style is heavily collaborative with my clients, and I work hard to ensure clients feel comfortable and heard regardless of identity or background. I make continual efforts to stay educated, and my passion lies with underserved populations in need of safe places to seek counseling. Sessions are goal-oriented, strengths-based, and my role more like a Virgil to a client's Dante; I intend to serve as a gentle and informed companion on a client's personal journey.
(919) 367-1855 View (919) 367-1855
Photo of Amanda Hiemenz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Durham, NC
Amanda Hiemenz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LCMHCS, RYT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713  (Online Only)
My practice provides counseling for adolescents and adults, in addition to clinical supervision of LCMHCAs. I specialize in treating persons 13 and up struggling with mood disorders, relationship issues, family conflict, life transitions, parenting concerns, body image and grief/loss. I am a National Certified Counselor (#310456), Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor & Supervisor, (#S10026), and founder of ASH Counseling, PLLC in Durham, NC. I believe in the strength of a positive, trusting therapeutic relationship, and am dedicated to providing a relaxed, non-judgmental environment for you to explore important issues in.
My practice provides counseling for adolescents and adults, in addition to clinical supervision of LCMHCAs. I specialize in treating persons 13 and up struggling with mood disorders, relationship issues, family conflict, life transitions, parenting concerns, body image and grief/loss. I am a National Certified Counselor (#310456), Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor & Supervisor, (#S10026), and founder of ASH Counseling, PLLC in Durham, NC. I believe in the strength of a positive, trusting therapeutic relationship, and am dedicated to providing a relaxed, non-judgmental environment for you to explore important issues in.
(919) 924-0519 View (919) 924-0519
Photo of Maddie Koermer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Maddie Koermer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27703
I appreciate being part of a patient’s care team and enjoy walking alongside patients and families as they navigate the recovery journey. I pull from various treatment modalities including DBT, FBT, and motivational interviewing, and believe strongly that any eating disorder is significant enough to receive help. I embrace diversity and believe in the importance of a non-judgmental, inclusive recovery environment.
I appreciate being part of a patient’s care team and enjoy walking alongside patients and families as they navigate the recovery journey. I pull from various treatment modalities including DBT, FBT, and motivational interviewing, and believe strongly that any eating disorder is significant enough to receive help. I embrace diversity and believe in the importance of a non-judgmental, inclusive recovery environment.
(919) 443-6118 View (919) 443-6118
Photo of Yolonda Bledsoe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Yolonda Bledsoe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707  (Online Only)
Are you frustrated with family, friends, love life, or lack thereof? Are you struggling to create and/or maintain friendships? We aren't always able to choose the challenges we face in life, and, as a result, we may feel overwhelmed and powerless to change them. If you are struggling with communication in your relationships or have trouble creating and/or maintaining boundaries, I can help. Let's explore these challenges together, work on new ways to approach them, and examine how you can learn from these challenges to support improved relationships and decrease frustration.
Are you frustrated with family, friends, love life, or lack thereof? Are you struggling to create and/or maintain friendships? We aren't always able to choose the challenges we face in life, and, as a result, we may feel overwhelmed and powerless to change them. If you are struggling with communication in your relationships or have trouble creating and/or maintaining boundaries, I can help. Let's explore these challenges together, work on new ways to approach them, and examine how you can learn from these challenges to support improved relationships and decrease frustration.
(919) 695-3576 View (919) 695-3576
Photo of Aurellia Anderson Thompson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Durham, NC
Aurellia Anderson Thompson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFTA, MDiv
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705
Anderson Thompson Counseling offers a safe space for clients to explore their lives and the challenges they face which keep them from living their most peace-filled lives. Aurellia Anderson Thompson offers a client-centered therapeutic approach to treatment of depression, anxiety, spiritual distress, complex grief, career crossroads, and relationship conflicts. Client Specialties: Death & Dying, Faith-Based, Clergy Families
Anderson Thompson Counseling offers a safe space for clients to explore their lives and the challenges they face which keep them from living their most peace-filled lives. Aurellia Anderson Thompson offers a client-centered therapeutic approach to treatment of depression, anxiety, spiritual distress, complex grief, career crossroads, and relationship conflicts. Client Specialties: Death & Dying, Faith-Based, Clergy Families
(919) 873-4610 View (919) 873-4610
Photo of Melvin Gaddy, Counselor in Durham, NC
Melvin Gaddy
Counselor, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27703  (Online Only)
Everyone thinks you have it all together but in reality, you’re exhausted. The fear of judgment forces you to suppress your feelings. So you keep a smile on your face and continue showing up for others even when you don’t want to because you don’t want to let them down. You manage to push through every day and find yourself feeling tired, alone, and frustrated because no one understands and shows up for you when you need it most. The time for a change has been long overdue, but figuring out where to start is a challenge all in itself.
Everyone thinks you have it all together but in reality, you’re exhausted. The fear of judgment forces you to suppress your feelings. So you keep a smile on your face and continue showing up for others even when you don’t want to because you don’t want to let them down. You manage to push through every day and find yourself feeling tired, alone, and frustrated because no one understands and shows up for you when you need it most. The time for a change has been long overdue, but figuring out where to start is a challenge all in itself.
(984) 400-5023 View (984) 400-5023
Photo of Erin Clancy Weant, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Erin Clancy Weant
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
It's harder than ever to balance all.the.things, especially if your brain is wired a little bit differently than most folks. Whether you're struggling to keep up at work, having communication issues in your relationship, and/or trying your damnedest to raise good humans- the pressure to be your best self is relentless and it's all too easy to feel like a failure. I specialize in adult ADHD and will meet you wherever you are on your journey, whether you were diagnosed at 5 or 65, or you aren't sure and want to know more about it.
It's harder than ever to balance all.the.things, especially if your brain is wired a little bit differently than most folks. Whether you're struggling to keep up at work, having communication issues in your relationship, and/or trying your damnedest to raise good humans- the pressure to be your best self is relentless and it's all too easy to feel like a failure. I specialize in adult ADHD and will meet you wherever you are on your journey, whether you were diagnosed at 5 or 65, or you aren't sure and want to know more about it.
(919) 759-6708 View (919) 759-6708
Photo of Marita Malm Morgan, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Durham, NC
Marita Malm Morgan
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, PhD, MA, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705
Life is not easy; it might feel that sometimes you are in a swirl of negative emotions that you cannot find a way to get out of it. Because of this, you might have been struggling with depression, anxiety, and stress. You might feel that past experiences are interfering with your current life, not allowing you to feel joy, have healthy relationships, and develop a healthy self. You might be wondering, how can I feel better? What can I do? Well, this is your first step, seeking help.
Life is not easy; it might feel that sometimes you are in a swirl of negative emotions that you cannot find a way to get out of it. Because of this, you might have been struggling with depression, anxiety, and stress. You might feel that past experiences are interfering with your current life, not allowing you to feel joy, have healthy relationships, and develop a healthy self. You might be wondering, how can I feel better? What can I do? Well, this is your first step, seeking help.
(919) 635-1006 View (919) 635-1006
Pat B Webster
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
The goal of Psychotherapy is to feel and function better in the world. That's what I help my clients do. I have been in practice for 40+ years, and have trained broadly and deeply in experiential, interpersonal and couples therapy. Before I was a psychologist, I was a nurse, and offer that background in helping as well. I bring the wisdom and insight of years of practice and life experience.
The goal of Psychotherapy is to feel and function better in the world. That's what I help my clients do. I have been in practice for 40+ years, and have trained broadly and deeply in experiential, interpersonal and couples therapy. Before I was a psychologist, I was a nurse, and offer that background in helping as well. I bring the wisdom and insight of years of practice and life experience.
(919) 323-8015 View (919) 323-8015
Photo of Ellen Gray, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Ellen Gray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705  (Online Only)
You want more out of life. Your relationships are stale, unfulfilling or toxic. You have a vision of yourself, but cannot behave yourself into that vision. Or, you have recurrent distressing thoughts that plague and distract you from the tasks and rewards of life. You are sad, scared or worried about your past and future. Releasing your potential requires a set of technologies to liberate you from all these human dilemmas. Luckily, these tools exist--now more than ever before. I combine the contributions of neuroscience, energy psychology and Eastern metaphysical thought into a supportive, gently directive and respectful practice.
You want more out of life. Your relationships are stale, unfulfilling or toxic. You have a vision of yourself, but cannot behave yourself into that vision. Or, you have recurrent distressing thoughts that plague and distract you from the tasks and rewards of life. You are sad, scared or worried about your past and future. Releasing your potential requires a set of technologies to liberate you from all these human dilemmas. Luckily, these tools exist--now more than ever before. I combine the contributions of neuroscience, energy psychology and Eastern metaphysical thought into a supportive, gently directive and respectful practice.
(919) 648-4172 View (919) 648-4172
Photo of Global Counseling Solutions, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Global Counseling Solutions, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713  (Online Only)
Welcome to Global Counseling Solutions, your trusted provider of counseling services in North Carolina. We are a team of dedicated professionals with a mission to help individuals overcome behavioral health challenges and achieve a healthier quality of life. At Global Counseling Solutions, we genuinely care about the success of the people we serve and are committed to helping you become the best version of yourself.
Welcome to Global Counseling Solutions, your trusted provider of counseling services in North Carolina. We are a team of dedicated professionals with a mission to help individuals overcome behavioral health challenges and achieve a healthier quality of life. At Global Counseling Solutions, we genuinely care about the success of the people we serve and are committed to helping you become the best version of yourself.
(919) 925-4339 View (919) 925-4339
Photo of Frances Beroset, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Durham, NC
Frances Beroset
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWA
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
Beginning therapy and taking the chance to trust someone new is an act of great courage. You may find yourself seeking therapy because you’ve noticed that the strategies that you learned in the past to protect yourself from pain are causing pain in your current life and relationships. I particularly enjoy working with queer, trans, and questioning clients and their loved ones, individuals with anxiety, people dealing with grief, & young adults with difficulties in familial, friendship, romantic or sexual relationships. You can expect me to join our relationship with curiosity, kindness, and at times a new or challenging perspective.
Beginning therapy and taking the chance to trust someone new is an act of great courage. You may find yourself seeking therapy because you’ve noticed that the strategies that you learned in the past to protect yourself from pain are causing pain in your current life and relationships. I particularly enjoy working with queer, trans, and questioning clients and their loved ones, individuals with anxiety, people dealing with grief, & young adults with difficulties in familial, friendship, romantic or sexual relationships. You can expect me to join our relationship with curiosity, kindness, and at times a new or challenging perspective.
(919) 642-4734 x38 View (919) 642-4734 x38

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Durham, NC

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Durham, NC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
70% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Aetna
51% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Durham, NC see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
17% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Durham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.