Motivational Interviewing Psychiatrists in Costa Mesa, CA

Photo of Joshua Flatow, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Joshua Flatow
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
Pacific Mind Health approaches mental health using a variety of evidence-based treatments including medication, psychotherapy, telemedicine, Spravato and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). We are excited to offer Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) - a revolutionary 3-minute procedure with equal or better efficacy to standard 40+ minute TMS protocols. We provide a thorough diagnostic evaluation to create a personalized treatment plan that will help guide you towards wellness. Please use this link for a free informational TMS session https://www.pacificmindhealth.com/tmsinfo.html
Pacific Mind Health approaches mental health using a variety of evidence-based treatments including medication, psychotherapy, telemedicine, Spravato and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). We are excited to offer Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) - a revolutionary 3-minute procedure with equal or better efficacy to standard 40+ minute TMS protocols. We provide a thorough diagnostic evaluation to create a personalized treatment plan that will help guide you towards wellness. Please use this link for a free informational TMS session https://www.pacificmindhealth.com/tmsinfo.html
(909) 415-5880 View (909) 415-5880
Photo of Desiree Bonomo, Physician Assistant in Costa Mesa, CA
Desiree Bonomo
Physician Assistant, PA-C
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
(949) 806-5732 View (949) 806-5732
Photo of J. Paul Gatdula - Anew Era TMS & Psychiatry, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Costa Mesa, CA
J. Paul Gatdula - Anew Era TMS & Psychiatry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92627
J. Paul Gatdula is a Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner. He obtained his Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree from West Coast University and achieved Magna Cum Laude. He then earned his Master’s degree from Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science specializing in Psychiatric Mental Health. J. Paul started his career as a psychiatric nurse and has 5 years of experience in mental and behavioral health. He has worked in Magnet hospitals in both inpatient and emergency room settings, and is experienced in treating patients of all ages, cultures, and genders.
J. Paul Gatdula is a Board-Certified Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner. He obtained his Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree from West Coast University and achieved Magna Cum Laude. He then earned his Master’s degree from Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science specializing in Psychiatric Mental Health. J. Paul started his career as a psychiatric nurse and has 5 years of experience in mental and behavioral health. He has worked in Magnet hospitals in both inpatient and emergency room settings, and is experienced in treating patients of all ages, cultures, and genders.
(949) 203-7586 View (949) 203-7586
Photo of South Coast Psychiatry, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
South Coast Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, MD, MBA
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
South Coast Psychiatry is a Concierge Psychiatry Outpatient Group Practice with adult psychiatrists who all offer personalized, comprehensive care to help support you and your family through every stage of life. We provide full-time administrative support, an upscale, beautiful office suite, and top-trained clinicians who can offer psychotherapy and medication management to patients with a wide variety of issues. Our clinicians are available to their patients 24/7, and our administrative team is available to our patients throughout the day. Patients thrive in our warm, caring, supportive environment.
South Coast Psychiatry is a Concierge Psychiatry Outpatient Group Practice with adult psychiatrists who all offer personalized, comprehensive care to help support you and your family through every stage of life. We provide full-time administrative support, an upscale, beautiful office suite, and top-trained clinicians who can offer psychotherapy and medication management to patients with a wide variety of issues. Our clinicians are available to their patients 24/7, and our administrative team is available to our patients throughout the day. Patients thrive in our warm, caring, supportive environment.
(714) 598-0828 View (714) 598-0828
Photo of Penny Greaves, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Costa Mesa, CA
Penny Greaves
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92627  (Online Only)
Penny Greaves has over twenty years of Nursing experience and received her bachelor's in nursing in 2007 and a Master's of Nursing with a primary care nurse practitioner certificate in 2010 from Ryerson University, in Toronto, Canada. She obtained her Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) degree in 2021 from the National University and is dual certified with the ANCC in psychiatry and the AANP in family practice. She is currently pursuing a psychology doctorate degree (PsyD) to improve health outcomes. She is experienced with adults, adults with addictions, complex mental health problems, geriatrics, and dementia.
Penny Greaves has over twenty years of Nursing experience and received her bachelor's in nursing in 2007 and a Master's of Nursing with a primary care nurse practitioner certificate in 2010 from Ryerson University, in Toronto, Canada. She obtained her Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) degree in 2021 from the National University and is dual certified with the ANCC in psychiatry and the AANP in family practice. She is currently pursuing a psychology doctorate degree (PsyD) to improve health outcomes. She is experienced with adults, adults with addictions, complex mental health problems, geriatrics, and dementia.
(909) 265-7809 View (909) 265-7809
Photo of Lisa Chan, Physician Assistant in Costa Mesa, CA
Lisa Chan
Physician Assistant, PA-C
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
(949) 919-5328 View (949) 919-5328
Photo of Carmela Zaragoza, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Costa Mesa, CA
Carmela Zaragoza
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
(424) 346-9730 View (424) 346-9730
Photo of Samir Hamed, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Costa Mesa, CA
Samir Hamed
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Allied Healers, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Allied Healers, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
(657) 571-1378 View (657) 571-1378
Photo of Angharad Ames, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Angharad Ames
Psychiatrist, MD, MA
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
My passion is helping individuals overcome mental and emotional suffering associated with various aspects of the human condition. I practice a holistic, individualized, and comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment-planning that centers on a person's unique experiences, symptoms, and goals in order to alleviate symptoms and address root causes. I consider numerous factors that contribute to the etiology of psychiatric symptoms and I emphasize the dynamic interplay between mind, body, and lifestyle that influences the biological, psychological, and social facets of illness and wellness.
My passion is helping individuals overcome mental and emotional suffering associated with various aspects of the human condition. I practice a holistic, individualized, and comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment-planning that centers on a person's unique experiences, symptoms, and goals in order to alleviate symptoms and address root causes. I consider numerous factors that contribute to the etiology of psychiatric symptoms and I emphasize the dynamic interplay between mind, body, and lifestyle that influences the biological, psychological, and social facets of illness and wellness.
(714) 556-5004 View (714) 556-5004
Photo of Khadija Hamisi, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Costa Mesa, CA
Khadija Hamisi
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
Khadija Hamisi, DNP, PMHNP-BC, takes a unique and progressive approach to mental health illnesses. Treatment is personalized, based on evidence research, and encompasses on a myriad of treatment modalities. The influence of three factors: one's past and upbringing, current life situations, and one's genetic makeup, affecting mental illness Being trained and current with the best evidence-bas medication treatment strategy, he places a strong emphasis on psychosocial, and psychodynamic factors as the foundation of his treatment. Many psychiatric conditions have an underlying biological and genetic component of treatment.
Khadija Hamisi, DNP, PMHNP-BC, takes a unique and progressive approach to mental health illnesses. Treatment is personalized, based on evidence research, and encompasses on a myriad of treatment modalities. The influence of three factors: one's past and upbringing, current life situations, and one's genetic makeup, affecting mental illness Being trained and current with the best evidence-bas medication treatment strategy, he places a strong emphasis on psychosocial, and psychodynamic factors as the foundation of his treatment. Many psychiatric conditions have an underlying biological and genetic component of treatment.
(415) 870-8862 View (415) 870-8862
Photo of Patrick Sassoon, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Patrick Sassoon
Psychiatrist, MD, MS
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
My approach is based on integrative psychiatry, which uses medications, therapy and complementary medicine to treat the whole person, not just the symptoms. I address the combined impact of sleep, lifestyle, relationships, nutrition and chronic medical conditions on well-being, and use cutting edge tools like genetic testing to guide personalized treatment with medication and supplements. I consider the patient’s cultural background in my assessments and I can provide treatment in Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian. My goal is to help my patients create lasting changes and build vitality, resilience and purpose in life.
My approach is based on integrative psychiatry, which uses medications, therapy and complementary medicine to treat the whole person, not just the symptoms. I address the combined impact of sleep, lifestyle, relationships, nutrition and chronic medical conditions on well-being, and use cutting edge tools like genetic testing to guide personalized treatment with medication and supplements. I consider the patient’s cultural background in my assessments and I can provide treatment in Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian. My goal is to help my patients create lasting changes and build vitality, resilience and purpose in life.
(657) 837-3236 View (657) 837-3236
Photo of Jordan Blaine, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Costa Mesa, CA
Jordan Blaine
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS - We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS - We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
(562) 203-0476 View (562) 203-0476
Photo of Mottsin Thomas, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Mottsin Thomas
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS-Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS-Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
(760) 214-9822 View (760) 214-9822
Photo of Catalina Villa, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Catalina Villa
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
(424) 677-2083 View (424) 677-2083
Photo of Uchenna Okoye, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Uchenna Okoye
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
(424) 688-7374 View (424) 688-7374
Photo of Dr. Terry Eagan - Anew Era TMS & Psychiatry, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Dr. Terry Eagan - Anew Era TMS & Psychiatry
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92627
*** ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS WITH A WAIT TIME OF 1 WEEK OR LESS *** Suffering from depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions can be debilitating and hold you back from leading a happy and balanced life. We invite you to learn more about your treatment options to recover. Call for a Free Confidential assessment and schedule an appointment today.
*** ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS WITH A WAIT TIME OF 1 WEEK OR LESS *** Suffering from depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions can be debilitating and hold you back from leading a happy and balanced life. We invite you to learn more about your treatment options to recover. Call for a Free Confidential assessment and schedule an appointment today.
(949) 647-4353 View (949) 647-4353
Photo of Uchenna Okoye, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Uchenna Okoye
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now, welcoming new patients!
(213) 652-7529 View (213) 652-7529
Photo of Jaspreet Takhar, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Costa Mesa, CA
Jaspreet Takhar
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
(657) 837-5585 View (657) 837-5585
Photo of Sham Singh, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Sham Singh
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
(424) 364-1788 View (424) 364-1788
Photo of Randall Bailey, Psychiatrist in Costa Mesa, CA
Randall Bailey
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Costa Mesa, CA 92626  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(424) 361-1660 View (424) 361-1660

See more therapy options for Costa Mesa

Motivational Interviewing Psychiatrists

How does motivational interviewing work?

Motivational interviewing aims to uncover a person’s internal motivation to change their life. Toward this end, the therapist listens, empathizes, and collaborates with the client based on their perspective; the therapist doesn’t adhere to a predetermined plan for change or impose their viewpoint on the client. Discovering an individual’s most important reasons for change, and guiding them to achieve those changes, can empower people to shift from ambivalence to action.

Is motivational interviewing evidence-based?

Yes, research shows that motivational interviewing can help treat alcohol and substance use — and in different ways such as reducing drinking, reducing resistance, and increasing the likelihood of staying in treatment. Motivational interviewing has also been shown to help people lose weight, adhere to medication regimens, improve diet for those with Type II diabetes, and improve healthy behaviors in children.

How long does motivational interviewing last?

Motivational interviewing is a short-term therapy that can last just one or two sessions. In some cases, motivational interviewing may be used in conjunction with longer-term therapies, but for most people, motivational interviewing is a brief intervention that aims to help patients understand their personal, specific, and internal reasons for changing their life.

What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy?

In person-centered therapy, the individual is in the driver’s seat of the treatment process, creating space for them to trust their instincts and arrive at their own solutions. The two approaches are similar because motivational interviewing is also client-centered; however, person-centered therapy is more open-ended while motivational interviewing is somewhat more structured; the goal is to change, and the therapist helps the client specifically discover their internal motivations to modify their behavior.