Emotionally Focused Psychiatrists in New York, NY

Photo of Barry J. Richman MD, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Barry J. Richman MD
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
OUT OF NETWORK ONLY NO INSURANCE ACCEPTED I have been in private practice for over 20 years and have expertise in both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. I specialize in diagnosing and treating patients who suffer from Anxiety disorders including Panic disorder, as well as Depression, Dysthymia and Personality Disorders. I also treat ADHD. I do both long and short term treatments and also have a special interest in Gay and Lesbian Issues. I also do Forensic Psychiatry Evaluations and have training in Psychiatry and Law.
OUT OF NETWORK ONLY NO INSURANCE ACCEPTED I have been in private practice for over 20 years and have expertise in both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. I specialize in diagnosing and treating patients who suffer from Anxiety disorders including Panic disorder, as well as Depression, Dysthymia and Personality Disorders. I also treat ADHD. I do both long and short term treatments and also have a special interest in Gay and Lesbian Issues. I also do Forensic Psychiatry Evaluations and have training in Psychiatry and Law.
(646) 490-1839 View (646) 490-1839
Photo of Danielle Conklin, Psychiatric Nurse in New York, NY
Danielle Conklin
Psychiatric Nurse, DNP, NP-P
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I am trained in evidence-based trauma treatments including: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Emotion Focused Therapy for Trauma (EFT-T).
I am a board certified Nurse Practitioner of Psychiatry with a Doctoral Degree from New York University. My clinical experience includes working with children, adolescents, adults, and older adults in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. I currently provide outpatient medication management and psychotherapy to my clients. In addition to my clinical work, I am a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Program at NYU.
I am trained in evidence-based trauma treatments including: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Emotion Focused Therapy for Trauma (EFT-T).
I am a board certified Nurse Practitioner of Psychiatry with a Doctoral Degree from New York University. My clinical experience includes working with children, adolescents, adults, and older adults in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. I currently provide outpatient medication management and psychotherapy to my clients. In addition to my clinical work, I am a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Program at NYU.
(646) 392-8428 View (646) 392-8428
Photo of Ketsia Guerrier, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in New York, NY
Ketsia Guerrier
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10036  (Online Only)
Ketsia Guerrier is a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner in New York City. Ketsia manages and treats various mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, ADHD, PTSD, OCD, and mood disorders.
Ketsia Guerrier is a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner in New York City. Ketsia manages and treats various mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, ADHD, PTSD, OCD, and mood disorders.
(518) 759-5707 View (518) 759-5707
Photo of Ankur Upadhyay, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Ankur Upadhyay
Psychiatrist, MD, MS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10007  (Online Only)
Dr. Ankur Upadhyay is a licensed Psychiatrist. He provides psychiatric care supported by evidence based medical practices, highlighted by his experience with mindfulness based therapies and psychoanalysis. His journey started in India where he gained knowledge in spirituality and the practice of mindful living. He has since completed his Psychiatry residency training at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (Morningside-West Hospitals), and treated patients from diverse backgrounds. He has also completed training in the Intensive Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy program at William Alanson White Institute in NYC.
Dr. Ankur Upadhyay is a licensed Psychiatrist. He provides psychiatric care supported by evidence based medical practices, highlighted by his experience with mindfulness based therapies and psychoanalysis. His journey started in India where he gained knowledge in spirituality and the practice of mindful living. He has since completed his Psychiatry residency training at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (Morningside-West Hospitals), and treated patients from diverse backgrounds. He has also completed training in the Intensive Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy program at William Alanson White Institute in NYC.
(646) 956-4559 View (646) 956-4559
Photo of Tenafly Psychiatric Associates, L.L.C., Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Tenafly Psychiatric Associates, L.L.C.
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
201-568-8288 Private Individual Therapy Sessions, Family Therapy, Group Therapy, Supportive Therapy. Treatment of Anxiety and Depression, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology, Support Groups, Stress Relief, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment of Stress causing Physical or Emotional Symptoms, Insomnia, PMS. Grief support, Healthy Weight support, Smoking-Alcohol-Substance-Cessation support. Holistic Mind and Body Approach. Repair and find balance. Calm, relax & energize. Memory and Dementia Evaluations, Competency Evaluations, Private care of patients at Assisted Living facilities, Independent living facilities, and Nursing Homes.
201-568-8288 Private Individual Therapy Sessions, Family Therapy, Group Therapy, Supportive Therapy. Treatment of Anxiety and Depression, Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacology, Support Groups, Stress Relief, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment of Stress causing Physical or Emotional Symptoms, Insomnia, PMS. Grief support, Healthy Weight support, Smoking-Alcohol-Substance-Cessation support. Holistic Mind and Body Approach. Repair and find balance. Calm, relax & energize. Memory and Dementia Evaluations, Competency Evaluations, Private care of patients at Assisted Living facilities, Independent living facilities, and Nursing Homes.
(212) 877-3999 View (212) 877-3999
Photo of East Coast Telepsychiatry, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in New York, NY
East Coast Telepsychiatry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Hello, I am Amy Pharr, a Family Nurse Practitioner of 29 years and a Family Psychiatric Mental Health NP of 19 years comfortable with seeing clients of all ages with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, ADHD, Impulse Control Disorders, and PTSD. My ideal client would have some sort of trauma history - whether it be mental, sexual, physical, or emotional -- needing medication management and therapy. I see people in NY, FL, SC and Virginia. My clients want to be able to sleep, go about their day without flashbacks or affect from triggers, and to merely live with some sort of pleasure and "normalcy" in life.
Hello, I am Amy Pharr, a Family Nurse Practitioner of 29 years and a Family Psychiatric Mental Health NP of 19 years comfortable with seeing clients of all ages with Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, ADHD, Impulse Control Disorders, and PTSD. My ideal client would have some sort of trauma history - whether it be mental, sexual, physical, or emotional -- needing medication management and therapy. I see people in NY, FL, SC and Virginia. My clients want to be able to sleep, go about their day without flashbacks or affect from triggers, and to merely live with some sort of pleasure and "normalcy" in life.
(843) 960-3155 View (843) 960-3155
Photo of Nicholas Charles Wisnoski, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Nicholas Charles Wisnoski
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10010
I am a Board Certified Adult Psychiatrist specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of depression, anxiety, ADHD/ADD, OCD, sleep disorders, and a number of other psychiatric conditions. I offer a unique perspective to patient care and provide a holistic approach, emphasizing a connection between the mind and body. Specifically, I provide treatment options including medication management and/or psychotherapeutic approaches, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, supportive therapy, mindfulness, and motivational interviewing. My goal is to help people gain control over their lives and to optimize their potential in a variety of areas, including work performance, interpersonal relationships, sleep hygiene, and overall health.
I am a Board Certified Adult Psychiatrist specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of depression, anxiety, ADHD/ADD, OCD, sleep disorders, and a number of other psychiatric conditions. I offer a unique perspective to patient care and provide a holistic approach, emphasizing a connection between the mind and body. Specifically, I provide treatment options including medication management and/or psychotherapeutic approaches, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, supportive therapy, mindfulness, and motivational interviewing. My goal is to help people gain control over their lives and to optimize their potential in a variety of areas, including work performance, interpersonal relationships, sleep hygiene, and overall health.
(646) 455-1760 View (646) 455-1760
Photo of Shervin Parvizi Ravan, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Shervin Parvizi Ravan
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10014  (Online Only)
I am a Columbia University trained psychiatrist and psychotherapist and the Medical Director of Greene Clinic. My treatment model combines evidence based psychotherapies, medications, nutrition and complementary/alternative interventions with the goal of providing comprehensive, well rounded, and individually focused care. Psychotherapy is central to my work and I utilize a variety of modalities including interpersonal psychoanalysis, psychodynamic psychotherapy, mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). My approach is collaborative and non-authoritarian. OUT of network for all insurances.
I am a Columbia University trained psychiatrist and psychotherapist and the Medical Director of Greene Clinic. My treatment model combines evidence based psychotherapies, medications, nutrition and complementary/alternative interventions with the goal of providing comprehensive, well rounded, and individually focused care. Psychotherapy is central to my work and I utilize a variety of modalities including interpersonal psychoanalysis, psychodynamic psychotherapy, mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). My approach is collaborative and non-authoritarian. OUT of network for all insurances.
(347) 514-9562 View (347) 514-9562
Photo of Karen G. Gennaro, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Karen G. Gennaro
Psychiatrist, MD, MBA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
AS A PSYCHIATRIST WHO IS ALSO A PSYCHOANALYST, I can help you better understand the root of your issues and develop methods for coping and moving forward. I will offer treatment tailored to your specific needs to help you maximize your unique strengths and shore up any vulnerabilities. Together we will work to enhance your sense of individuality, community and personal freedom. You will gain the strength to finally break out of old habits and release new potentials. Although I am an expert using psychiatric medication, I ONLY OFFER MEDICATION MANAGEMENT TO PEOPLE WILLING TO WORK WITH ME IN AT LEAST ONCE WEEKLY THERAPY.
AS A PSYCHIATRIST WHO IS ALSO A PSYCHOANALYST, I can help you better understand the root of your issues and develop methods for coping and moving forward. I will offer treatment tailored to your specific needs to help you maximize your unique strengths and shore up any vulnerabilities. Together we will work to enhance your sense of individuality, community and personal freedom. You will gain the strength to finally break out of old habits and release new potentials. Although I am an expert using psychiatric medication, I ONLY OFFER MEDICATION MANAGEMENT TO PEOPLE WILLING TO WORK WITH ME IN AT LEAST ONCE WEEKLY THERAPY.
(914) 260-6437 View (914) 260-6437
Photo of Annie Jie Xu, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Annie Jie Xu
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001
Not accepting new clients
Dr. Annie Xu is a double board-certified psychiatrist specializing in general psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. She received her general psychiatry training at New York Medical College and completed specialized fellowship training in psychosomatic medicine and psycho-oncology at Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center. Dr. Xu has expertise in the treatment of depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, ADHD, OCD, adjustment issues related to trauma, medical illness, life transitions, and grief in addition to unique therapy modalities specific to cancer related diagnoses.
Dr. Annie Xu is a double board-certified psychiatrist specializing in general psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. She received her general psychiatry training at New York Medical College and completed specialized fellowship training in psychosomatic medicine and psycho-oncology at Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center. Dr. Xu has expertise in the treatment of depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, ADHD, OCD, adjustment issues related to trauma, medical illness, life transitions, and grief in addition to unique therapy modalities specific to cancer related diagnoses.
(914) 292-7935 View (914) 292-7935
Photo of Corey Gonera, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in New York, NY
Corey Gonera
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Corey is a board certified Staff Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner at Talkiatry. He works primarily with clients who are struggling with depression, anxiety, addiction, PTSD, stress management, and major life changes. He has experience and a passion for working with the LGBTQ+ community. His treatment modalities include a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and psychopharmacology to help clients achieve their goals.
Corey is a board certified Staff Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner at Talkiatry. He works primarily with clients who are struggling with depression, anxiety, addiction, PTSD, stress management, and major life changes. He has experience and a passion for working with the LGBTQ+ community. His treatment modalities include a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and psychopharmacology to help clients achieve their goals.
(646) 859-5281 View (646) 859-5281
Photo of Marc S Lener, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Marc S Lener
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128
I received my Bachelors Degree from the University of Pennsylvania, where I majored in the Biological Basis of Behavior and competed on the Men's Varsity Swimming Team. After graduating and prior to medical school, I became a private high school science teacher. I completed my Psychiatry residency at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in NYC, where I was selected as Chief Resident. During that time, I also completed a Psychodynamic Fellowship at New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute. I then completed a Clinical Research Fellowship at the National Institute of Mental Health with a focus on Depression and Anxiety.
I received my Bachelors Degree from the University of Pennsylvania, where I majored in the Biological Basis of Behavior and competed on the Men's Varsity Swimming Team. After graduating and prior to medical school, I became a private high school science teacher. I completed my Psychiatry residency at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in NYC, where I was selected as Chief Resident. During that time, I also completed a Psychodynamic Fellowship at New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute. I then completed a Clinical Research Fellowship at the National Institute of Mental Health with a focus on Depression and Anxiety.
(240) 478-6928 View (240) 478-6928
Photo of In Session Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in New York, NY
In Session Psychiatry & Psychotherapy
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10174
Perhaps you're struggling with a significant life difficulty, or perhaps things are going ok, but you feel that something is missing. As you have come to a point that you have considered to make a change, whether it be a change in yourself, your relationship with others, or another area of your life, it is important to enter into a therapeutic relationship characterized by safety, trust, and professionalism. Our experienced team of clinicians is specialized in: anxiety, depression, ADHD, grief & bereavement, relationship issues, dating coaching, jealousy, work & career issues, stress & burnout, and life transitions.
Perhaps you're struggling with a significant life difficulty, or perhaps things are going ok, but you feel that something is missing. As you have come to a point that you have considered to make a change, whether it be a change in yourself, your relationship with others, or another area of your life, it is important to enter into a therapeutic relationship characterized by safety, trust, and professionalism. Our experienced team of clinicians is specialized in: anxiety, depression, ADHD, grief & bereavement, relationship issues, dating coaching, jealousy, work & career issues, stress & burnout, and life transitions.
(203) 666-4507 View (203) 666-4507
Photo of Moataz El Refaie, MD, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Moataz El Refaie, MD
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10170
Hello, I am Dr. Refaie, I am a double board certified, Child & Adolescent, Adult psychiatrist specializing in the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders with an expertise in psychotherapy. I treat a wide spectrum of emotional and psychological concerns and problems from children to adults, providing compassionate, experienced and personalized psychiatric and psychotherapy services.
Hello, I am Dr. Refaie, I am a double board certified, Child & Adolescent, Adult psychiatrist specializing in the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders with an expertise in psychotherapy. I treat a wide spectrum of emotional and psychological concerns and problems from children to adults, providing compassionate, experienced and personalized psychiatric and psychotherapy services.
(646) 576-7472 View (646) 576-7472
Photo of Dr. Gundu Reddy, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Dr. Gundu Reddy
Psychiatrist, MD, MBBS
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
New York, NY 10005  (Online Only)
I am a Board Certified Psychiatrist in New York City . I have trained in psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, family/marital therapy, as well as psychiatric medication management. I believe that brain health is the key to every form of well being, and every individual regardless of their diagnosis or symptoms, has the potential to be healthier. Whether your reasons for seeking treatment include hallucinations, irritability, dysphoria, insomnia, wanting to perform better at work-the core principles of treatment are often similar.
I am a Board Certified Psychiatrist in New York City . I have trained in psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, family/marital therapy, as well as psychiatric medication management. I believe that brain health is the key to every form of well being, and every individual regardless of their diagnosis or symptoms, has the potential to be healthier. Whether your reasons for seeking treatment include hallucinations, irritability, dysphoria, insomnia, wanting to perform better at work-the core principles of treatment are often similar.
(347) 830-7467 View (347) 830-7467
Photo of Shaneika Lindsay, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in New York, NY
Shaneika Lindsay
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001  (Online Only)
Typically she offers this in conjunction with supportive or emotionally focused therapy in 30 minute follow-up visits.
Shaneika is a board certified Staff Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner at Talkiatry. Her primary focus is holistic care, taking into consideration all physical, psychological, interpersonal, and environmental factors when creating unique treatment plans. She strongly believes that each of these areas are interconnected and play a significant role in the mental health and vitality of any individual. Her goal is to work simultaneously with clients to create a safe, non-judgmental, and collaborative treatment environment that will be effective in achieving sustained healing and positive self-development.
Typically she offers this in conjunction with supportive or emotionally focused therapy in 30 minute follow-up visits.
Shaneika is a board certified Staff Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner at Talkiatry. Her primary focus is holistic care, taking into consideration all physical, psychological, interpersonal, and environmental factors when creating unique treatment plans. She strongly believes that each of these areas are interconnected and play a significant role in the mental health and vitality of any individual. Her goal is to work simultaneously with clients to create a safe, non-judgmental, and collaborative treatment environment that will be effective in achieving sustained healing and positive self-development.
(646) 859-5251 View (646) 859-5251
Photo of Irene Tetzlaff, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in New York, NY
Irene Tetzlaff
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10016  (Online Only)
You did it! You have made the first (and most difficult) step. It's time to address past trauma, handle anxiety, and feel better. First, let's talk a while for free. A free, 15-min. initial consultation is all we need to see if our practice is the one for you. Email me today!
You did it! You have made the first (and most difficult) step. It's time to address past trauma, handle anxiety, and feel better. First, let's talk a while for free. A free, 15-min. initial consultation is all we need to see if our practice is the one for you. Email me today!
(929) 481-3553 View (929) 481-3553
Photo of Dr. Bertrand Vulcain, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Dr. Bertrand Vulcain
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
I am trained and experienced in treating those experiencing with a range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, ADHD, insomnia, bipolar disorder and psychotic disorders. I am particularly passionate about working with those navigating life transitions such as school graduations, marriage and having children. I focus on helping patients identify resilient qualities within themselves that can help live a more fulfilling life.
I am trained and experienced in treating those experiencing with a range of conditions, including depression, anxiety, ADHD, insomnia, bipolar disorder and psychotic disorders. I am particularly passionate about working with those navigating life transitions such as school graduations, marriage and having children. I focus on helping patients identify resilient qualities within themselves that can help live a more fulfilling life.
(929) 822-5291 View (929) 822-5291
Photo of Ruth Cohen, Psychiatrist in New York, NY
Ruth Cohen
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, anger, or feelings of isolation? Perhaps you’re feeling stuck and yearning for positive change. The past four years have strained the resources of so many people. I am a highly experienced and skilled psychiatrist offering both psychotherapy and medication management. I find psychotherapy is often vital to recovery. If you are considering psychoactive medication I am eager to discuss it and get to know your needs. I am particularly proficient in helping people through mood, anxiety disorders and trauma. I also treat those struggling with focus and attention concerns.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, anger, or feelings of isolation? Perhaps you’re feeling stuck and yearning for positive change. The past four years have strained the resources of so many people. I am a highly experienced and skilled psychiatrist offering both psychotherapy and medication management. I find psychotherapy is often vital to recovery. If you are considering psychoactive medication I am eager to discuss it and get to know your needs. I am particularly proficient in helping people through mood, anxiety disorders and trauma. I also treat those struggling with focus and attention concerns.
(914) 275-0751 View (914) 275-0751
Photo of Tasania Rhoden, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in New York, NY
Tasania Rhoden
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Feeling anxious, overwhelmed and worried about what to do next? Feel like you've tried to get a foothold on things, but haven't been able to? Let's work together. I view every individual I work with as a unique and valuable person deserving of compassionate care and support. My practice is rooted in the understanding that humans are all unique in their struggles. I am humbled by the opportunity to walk alongside my patients on their journey to wellness and to be a partner in their pursuit of a healthier mind and opportunity for happiness.
Feeling anxious, overwhelmed and worried about what to do next? Feel like you've tried to get a foothold on things, but haven't been able to? Let's work together. I view every individual I work with as a unique and valuable person deserving of compassionate care and support. My practice is rooted in the understanding that humans are all unique in their struggles. I am humbled by the opportunity to walk alongside my patients on their journey to wellness and to be a partner in their pursuit of a healthier mind and opportunity for happiness.
(929) 265-4461 View (929) 265-4461
Emotionally Focused Psychiatrists

Who is emotionally focused therapy for?

Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) is for couples who are emotionally distressed, stuck in an unsatisfying relationship pattern or feeling deeply alienated. They may even believe the relationship is beyond repair. Very often, the partners display intense anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal in the relationship. In addition, EFT is helpful to couples and individuals who have difficulty expressing emotions and those who have trouble regulating emotions.

Why do people need emotionally focused therapy?

People need emotionally focused therapy because the need for others is built into the brain, but the pressures of daily life can erode feelings of love, and couples often do not have the skills to find their way back to the comfort of each other. Instead, they may be stuck in repetitive patterns of anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal. Emotionally focused therapy regards such strong negative feelings as expressions of protest over the loss of connection and turns them into pathways of reconnection.

What happens in emotionally focused therapy?

Over the course of eight to 20 weekly sessions, couples de-escalate their negative emotional reactivity to one another so that they can listen to each other and be responsive to each other’s needs. Then the deep emotional and physical bond is restored, giving partners a sense of comfort and security, which they can use to solve whatever problems come their way. The therapist plays an active role, helping partners understand how anger and withdrawal are actually misguided cries for connection.

What problems does emotionally focused therapy treat?

EFT is designed to help couples stuck in dysfunctional relationship patterns regain closeness and rebuild their relationship. Typically, such couples experience considerable distress, with partners feeling alienated and distrustful of one another, not certain their relationship can survive. EFT is also helpful to individuals experiencing attachment-related fears of loss; it helps them learn to use their fears as a way of eliciting the closeness they desire.