Trauma and PTSD Psychiatrists in Philadelphia, PA

Photo of Elizabeth Milburn, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Philadelphia, PA
Elizabeth Milburn
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, CRNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
I treat depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorders, trauma disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, opioid use disorder, and others.
I love working with any individual 18 and older who is experiencing difficulty with their mental well-being. My services include psychiatric evaluation, medication management, and meds + supportive therapy. I am an ally to the LGBTQIA+ community. I encourage folks to be active collaborators in their treatment. I am happy to now offer medication treatment for opioid use disorder.
I treat depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, attention deficit disorders, trauma disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, opioid use disorder, and others.
I love working with any individual 18 and older who is experiencing difficulty with their mental well-being. My services include psychiatric evaluation, medication management, and meds + supportive therapy. I am an ally to the LGBTQIA+ community. I encourage folks to be active collaborators in their treatment. I am happy to now offer medication treatment for opioid use disorder.
(267) 460-4536 View (267) 460-4536
Photo of Brian Frankel, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Brian Frankel
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Mental suffering is often neither simple nor obvious to others. My primary aim is to help alleviate that suffering, and I recognize how important a personalized and collaborative approach is in this work. Psychiatric medication and psychotherapy are powerful tools that can promote well-being and I enjoy working in both modalities to provide a tailored treatment plan as well as foster greater understanding and growth. After completing my training at Yale I have worked in multiple treatment settings, which has broadened my perspective and helped me be attuned to each patient on an individual level.
Mental suffering is often neither simple nor obvious to others. My primary aim is to help alleviate that suffering, and I recognize how important a personalized and collaborative approach is in this work. Psychiatric medication and psychotherapy are powerful tools that can promote well-being and I enjoy working in both modalities to provide a tailored treatment plan as well as foster greater understanding and growth. After completing my training at Yale I have worked in multiple treatment settings, which has broadened my perspective and helped me be attuned to each patient on an individual level.
(267) 214-3177 View (267) 214-3177
Photo of Jessica Lee, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Philadelphia, PA
Jessica Lee
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CRNP, PMHNP, CARN-AP
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
I have worked with many individuals through issues related to anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress, obsessive and compulsive disorders, pregnancy, postpartum, menopausal transition, gender and multiethnic affirming care.
Remission. Recovery. Renewal. How many times have you worked to digest other’s definitions of those concepts? Trying, exhaustingly, to adapt and amend yourself into that predefined role? I am interested in your definition and what those words look like in your world.
I have worked with many individuals through issues related to anxiety, mood disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress, obsessive and compulsive disorders, pregnancy, postpartum, menopausal transition, gender and multiethnic affirming care.
Remission. Recovery. Renewal. How many times have you worked to digest other’s definitions of those concepts? Trying, exhaustingly, to adapt and amend yourself into that predefined role? I am interested in your definition and what those words look like in your world.
(215) 586-3102 View (215) 586-3102
Photo of Molly Robinson, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Molly Robinson
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Molly Robinson is a Psychiatrist in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2023. Molly believes that communication is key when it comes to developing a treatment plan. She always strives to have an open communication style and enjoys teaching her patients about their mental illness so that they can better work together as a team to find the best treatment plan that works for them. Outside of work, Molly enjoys creative writing, movies, books, animals, trivia, and the ukulele.
Molly Robinson is a Psychiatrist in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2023. Molly believes that communication is key when it comes to developing a treatment plan. She always strives to have an open communication style and enjoys teaching her patients about their mental illness so that they can better work together as a team to find the best treatment plan that works for them. Outside of work, Molly enjoys creative writing, movies, books, animals, trivia, and the ukulele.
(267) 214-3710 View (267) 214-3710
Photo of Sophia Monsour, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Sophia Monsour
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
Monsour has an approachable style when treating individuals who suffer from various diagnoses, especially those with prior trauma.
Dr. Sophia Monsour holds the position of Chief Psychiatrist for Pennsylvania at Talkiatry. After completing residency in 2013 at Albany Medical Center, she has spent the past 9 years fulfilling her passion for integrated and specialty care for adults suffering from mental illness. Her years of experience has included working as an integrated care Psychiatrist at a community health center, a medical director of a Partial Hospital and Intensive Outpatient Program (PHP/IOP), and also working for an Assertive Community Treatment Team (ACT) specializing in the Serious Mentally Ill (SMI) population.
Monsour has an approachable style when treating individuals who suffer from various diagnoses, especially those with prior trauma.
Dr. Sophia Monsour holds the position of Chief Psychiatrist for Pennsylvania at Talkiatry. After completing residency in 2013 at Albany Medical Center, she has spent the past 9 years fulfilling her passion for integrated and specialty care for adults suffering from mental illness. Her years of experience has included working as an integrated care Psychiatrist at a community health center, a medical director of a Partial Hospital and Intensive Outpatient Program (PHP/IOP), and also working for an Assertive Community Treatment Team (ACT) specializing in the Serious Mentally Ill (SMI) population.
(215) 309-9517 View (215) 309-9517
Photo of Triston Wong, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Triston Wong
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125  (Online Only)
He works primarily with adult patients struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, adjustment, and substance use disorders.
Dr. Triston Wong is a board-certified adult psychiatrist who emphasizes a collaborative approach and strong therapeutic alliance in treatment of psychiatric conditions. Though his practice focuses on medication management, Dr. Wong advocates for a holistic approach to treatment. He may incorporate elements of various psychotherapies, including supportive, cognitive behavioral (CBT), and insight-oriented therapy. At times, Dr. Wong may believe that additional therapy is needed for best outcome and recommend that you bring a dedicated therapist into your care team.
He works primarily with adult patients struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, adjustment, and substance use disorders.
Dr. Triston Wong is a board-certified adult psychiatrist who emphasizes a collaborative approach and strong therapeutic alliance in treatment of psychiatric conditions. Though his practice focuses on medication management, Dr. Wong advocates for a holistic approach to treatment. He may incorporate elements of various psychotherapies, including supportive, cognitive behavioral (CBT), and insight-oriented therapy. At times, Dr. Wong may believe that additional therapy is needed for best outcome and recommend that you bring a dedicated therapist into your care team.
(215) 302-0054 View (215) 302-0054
Photo of Gira Borad, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Gira Borad
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19125
Dr. Borad is a Board Certified Psychiatrist and has specialized in Addiction Psychiatry. She finished her residency from WVU campus of Charleston, WV and finished Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship from UPMC/Western Psychiatry Institute. She has previously worked as an Assistant Professor at WVU of Charleston, where she was involved in working with residents in inpatient and outpatient settings, provided psychiatric consult services to hospitalized patients, and was part of the Outpatient Comprehensive Opioid treatment program. She has interest in treating patients with mood , anxiety and psychotic disorders.
Dr. Borad is a Board Certified Psychiatrist and has specialized in Addiction Psychiatry. She finished her residency from WVU campus of Charleston, WV and finished Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship from UPMC/Western Psychiatry Institute. She has previously worked as an Assistant Professor at WVU of Charleston, where she was involved in working with residents in inpatient and outpatient settings, provided psychiatric consult services to hospitalized patients, and was part of the Outpatient Comprehensive Opioid treatment program. She has interest in treating patients with mood , anxiety and psychotic disorders.
(215) 714-3418 View (215) 714-3418
Photo of David L. Fink, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
David L. Fink
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
In my practice I provide diagnostic evaluations and consultations, short-term, and intensive long-term psychodynamic treatments for a range of specific concerns including: trauma and dissociative disorders, sexual and gender identity issues, personality disorders, and depression.
How do we sort out problems of living? How do we formulate who we are and who we want to become? How do we develop loving satisfying relationships? How much are these questions of the mind and to what extent are they about the biology of our brains? As a psychiatrist, these are the questions that have shaped my clinical practice for over 25 years.
In my practice I provide diagnostic evaluations and consultations, short-term, and intensive long-term psychodynamic treatments for a range of specific concerns including: trauma and dissociative disorders, sexual and gender identity issues, personality disorders, and depression.
How do we sort out problems of living? How do we formulate who we are and who we want to become? How do we develop loving satisfying relationships? How much are these questions of the mind and to what extent are they about the biology of our brains? As a psychiatrist, these are the questions that have shaped my clinical practice for over 25 years.
(215) 596-4086 View (215) 596-4086
Photo of Chen Zhou, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Chen Zhou
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Welcome to a space that's all about you and your well-being. I'm here to support young adults, especially those from immigrant backgrounds, and folks of all ages, cultures, sexual orientations, and gender identities. I'm a board-certified psychiatrist, and I'm here to help with everything from dealing with depression and anxiety to managing ADHD, OCD, and PTSD using a mix of medication and talk therapy. Think of our time together as a safe and nurturing space where you can be yourself and explore who you are. Together, we'll work towards positive changes that make your life more fulfilling.
Welcome to a space that's all about you and your well-being. I'm here to support young adults, especially those from immigrant backgrounds, and folks of all ages, cultures, sexual orientations, and gender identities. I'm a board-certified psychiatrist, and I'm here to help with everything from dealing with depression and anxiety to managing ADHD, OCD, and PTSD using a mix of medication and talk therapy. Think of our time together as a safe and nurturing space where you can be yourself and explore who you are. Together, we'll work towards positive changes that make your life more fulfilling.
(484) 246-8766 View (484) 246-8766
Photo of Lori Goldstein, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Lori Goldstein
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19102
People often decide to see a psychiatrist because they are experiencing psychological or interpersonal pain. Because of this pain, they are unable to feel a sense of well-being or feel connected to themselves or others. Often, emotional pain results from unknown or unrecognized beliefs, conflicts, and patterns. When people are unaware of their feelings, thoughts, and actions, they may stay stuck in maladaptive ways of thinking and relating. Psychotherapy aims to help people develop a deeper awareness of themselves in order to relieve symptoms, enhance well-being, and develop a healthier relationship with the self and others.
People often decide to see a psychiatrist because they are experiencing psychological or interpersonal pain. Because of this pain, they are unable to feel a sense of well-being or feel connected to themselves or others. Often, emotional pain results from unknown or unrecognized beliefs, conflicts, and patterns. When people are unaware of their feelings, thoughts, and actions, they may stay stuck in maladaptive ways of thinking and relating. Psychotherapy aims to help people develop a deeper awareness of themselves in order to relieve symptoms, enhance well-being, and develop a healthier relationship with the self and others.
(267) 871-9970 View (267) 871-9970
Photo of Yun Mi Kim, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Philadelphia, PA
Yun Mi Kim
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, CRNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19147  (Online Only)
Yun Mi is board certified in psychiatry. She offers diagnostic evaluations, medication management, and genetic testing services to those 18+. She believes in providing patient-led care in an environment that is validating, compassionate, and free of judgment. Yun Mi is a firm believer that diagnoses do not define an individual. Her approach to psychopharmacological treatment is evidence-based, individualized, and collaborative. She takes her time to provide optimal care, and her overall goal is to help her patients achieve psychological well-being and the quality of life they deserve. Appointments are available within 1 week.
Yun Mi is board certified in psychiatry. She offers diagnostic evaluations, medication management, and genetic testing services to those 18+. She believes in providing patient-led care in an environment that is validating, compassionate, and free of judgment. Yun Mi is a firm believer that diagnoses do not define an individual. Her approach to psychopharmacological treatment is evidence-based, individualized, and collaborative. She takes her time to provide optimal care, and her overall goal is to help her patients achieve psychological well-being and the quality of life they deserve. Appointments are available within 1 week.
(215) 631-8228 View (215) 631-8228
Photo of Melissa Lopez-Larson, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Melissa Lopez-Larson
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19154
Don't wait 2 weeks, appointments available! Dr. Lopez-Larson is a board certified child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist and received her MD from the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine. She performed her adult and child psychiatry training at Harvard Medical School training sites including Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital and Cambridge Hospital, respectively. She has been practicing for over 15 years in a variety of settings including academic research, inpatient, residential and outpatient psychiatric services.
Don't wait 2 weeks, appointments available! Dr. Lopez-Larson is a board certified child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist and received her MD from the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine. She performed her adult and child psychiatry training at Harvard Medical School training sites including Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital and Cambridge Hospital, respectively. She has been practicing for over 15 years in a variety of settings including academic research, inpatient, residential and outpatient psychiatric services.
(814) 261-3729 View (814) 261-3729
Photo of Dr. Allen Masry, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Dr. Allen Masry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
(267) 843-8820 View (267) 843-8820
Photo of Richard P Kluft, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Richard P Kluft
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Although I work with folks with all sorts of concerns, I am best known for work with trauma, dissociative disorders, and people who have not done well in previous psychotherapies.
I am an experienced and well-trained therapist able to use many treatment modalities. If you are highly motivated, you are my ideal patient.
Although I work with folks with all sorts of concerns, I am best known for work with trauma, dissociative disorders, and people who have not done well in previous psychotherapies.
I am an experienced and well-trained therapist able to use many treatment modalities. If you are highly motivated, you are my ideal patient.
(610) 228-4482 View (610) 228-4482
Photo of Dr. Stephanie Cross, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Dr. Stephanie Cross
Psychiatrist, MD, PhD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103
She is highly qualified in treating depressive and anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and PTSD, among other conditions.
The journey to emotional well-being can be a challenge, is an ever evolving process, and our goals for treatment vary over the lifespan. Dr. Cross is a UPenn trained adult psychiatrist, with a private practice located in Philadelphia, and is available to help you on your mental health journey. She has an exceptional training background, with additional experience working with older adults and medically complex individuals. She takes a holistic mind-body approach to treatment, and works to build a safe space for exploration and healing.
She is highly qualified in treating depressive and anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and PTSD, among other conditions.
The journey to emotional well-being can be a challenge, is an ever evolving process, and our goals for treatment vary over the lifespan. Dr. Cross is a UPenn trained adult psychiatrist, with a private practice located in Philadelphia, and is available to help you on your mental health journey. She has an exceptional training background, with additional experience working with older adults and medically complex individuals. She takes a holistic mind-body approach to treatment, and works to build a safe space for exploration and healing.
(484) 755-3946 View (484) 755-3946
Photo of Elena Del Busto, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Elena Del Busto
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19101
I am an ABPN Board certified psychiatrist and Clinical Associate at the University of Pennsylvania in the Department of Psychiatry. I have been honored as Top Doc in Philadelphia Magazine in May 2018 and Main Line Today in 2014. I offer an integrated, holistic approach to mental health treatment and believe in using psychotherapy and psychopharmacology when appropriate. I feel it is best to use evidence-based medicine and personalized treatment plans to help optimize outcomes and improve my patients' mental health.
I am an ABPN Board certified psychiatrist and Clinical Associate at the University of Pennsylvania in the Department of Psychiatry. I have been honored as Top Doc in Philadelphia Magazine in May 2018 and Main Line Today in 2014. I offer an integrated, holistic approach to mental health treatment and believe in using psychotherapy and psychopharmacology when appropriate. I feel it is best to use evidence-based medicine and personalized treatment plans to help optimize outcomes and improve my patients' mental health.
(610) 616-3633 View (610) 616-3633
Photo of Nicholas T Armao, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Philadelphia, PA
Nicholas T Armao
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, LPC, LBS, RN
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19143  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm glad you're taking the first step in seeking a therapist/psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner and I am hoping we get the opportunity to work together on your goals! I am on a mission to help my clients in any way that I can. I believe in unconditional compassion and use a client-centered approach as a way to promote growth and help clients of all races, genders, and cultures. I will strive to guide you or your family member in making positive and sustainable changes that will ultimately yield in experiencing a more rewarding and satisfying life. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults.
Hello, I'm glad you're taking the first step in seeking a therapist/psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner and I am hoping we get the opportunity to work together on your goals! I am on a mission to help my clients in any way that I can. I believe in unconditional compassion and use a client-centered approach as a way to promote growth and help clients of all races, genders, and cultures. I will strive to guide you or your family member in making positive and sustainable changes that will ultimately yield in experiencing a more rewarding and satisfying life. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults.
(610) 486-3195 View (610) 486-3195
Photo of Dr. Sima Christina Paul, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Dr. Sima Christina Paul
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19019  (Online Only)
Please go to headway.co for NJ residents, and for NY and PA residents please go to skypiatrist.com website to book an initial psychiatric evaluation. I see patients and licensed in NJ, NY, PA, WI, and accept all insurances. I treat all psychiatric conditions and can do medication management and therapy. I can help you treat whatever symptoms you may have or recommended the best approach to improve the way you feel. I see adults and adolescents/child starting at age 5. you must first open an account at headway.co or skypiatrist.com, enter you ID and insurance information, an email will follow on how to schedule an appointment online.
Please go to headway.co for NJ residents, and for NY and PA residents please go to skypiatrist.com website to book an initial psychiatric evaluation. I see patients and licensed in NJ, NY, PA, WI, and accept all insurances. I treat all psychiatric conditions and can do medication management and therapy. I can help you treat whatever symptoms you may have or recommended the best approach to improve the way you feel. I see adults and adolescents/child starting at age 5. you must first open an account at headway.co or skypiatrist.com, enter you ID and insurance information, an email will follow on how to schedule an appointment online.
(347) 970-6561 View (347) 970-6561
Photo of Sondra Corgan, Psychiatrist in Philadelphia, PA
Sondra Corgan
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19103
As an adult and child psychiatrist I provide psychotherapy and medication management services. I see patients with a variety of concerns. I have experience in the treatment of anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, mood disorders, PTSD, addiction, psychosis and more. I also recognizes that many people do not fit into a specific diagnosis but may still feel that they could be getting more out of life. I also specialize in helping these individuals explore their minds in order to achieve a more fulfilling life.
As an adult and child psychiatrist I provide psychotherapy and medication management services. I see patients with a variety of concerns. I have experience in the treatment of anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, mood disorders, PTSD, addiction, psychosis and more. I also recognizes that many people do not fit into a specific diagnosis but may still feel that they could be getting more out of life. I also specialize in helping these individuals explore their minds in order to achieve a more fulfilling life.
(484) 214-2917 View (484) 214-2917
Photo of Katherine Benson, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Philadelphia, PA
Katherine Benson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19103  (Online Only)
My passion for collaboration and client advocacy, combined with nearly 15 years' nursing and mental health experience, means that I am uniquely suited to help clients identify challenges, and enabling them to meet their mental health goals. While all visits are provided via telehealth, I reside in the community I serve, and I believe that enabling individuals to grow stronger also enables communities to grow stronger. Through my years spent in training and practicing Psychiatry-Mental Health Nursing, I have learned that the solution is rarely as simple as taking a one-size-fits-all approach.
My passion for collaboration and client advocacy, combined with nearly 15 years' nursing and mental health experience, means that I am uniquely suited to help clients identify challenges, and enabling them to meet their mental health goals. While all visits are provided via telehealth, I reside in the community I serve, and I believe that enabling individuals to grow stronger also enables communities to grow stronger. Through my years spent in training and practicing Psychiatry-Mental Health Nursing, I have learned that the solution is rarely as simple as taking a one-size-fits-all approach.
(570) 514-4263 View (570) 514-4263

See more therapy options for Philadelphia

Trauma and PTSD Psychiatrists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.