Photo of Vortex Psychiatry - TMS Clinic & Ketamine Infusion, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Vortex Psychiatry - TMS Clinic & Ketamine Infusion
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pleasanton, CA 94588
Dr. Ibrahimi channels his energy into providing individualized care for each of his patients, as each patient exhibits a variety of symptoms and disorders. He is dedicated to reaching the root cause of the symptoms that patients exhibit so that treatment is maximized to its optimal effects. Dr. Ibrahimi enjoys using the most advanced modalities of treatment which includes TMS (Trans Magnetic Cranial Treatment), which shown to be a more effective, safe, direct alternative treatment to various psychopathologies including depression, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, Insomnia, and PTSD.
Dr. Ibrahimi channels his energy into providing individualized care for each of his patients, as each patient exhibits a variety of symptoms and disorders. He is dedicated to reaching the root cause of the symptoms that patients exhibit so that treatment is maximized to its optimal effects. Dr. Ibrahimi enjoys using the most advanced modalities of treatment which includes TMS (Trans Magnetic Cranial Treatment), which shown to be a more effective, safe, direct alternative treatment to various psychopathologies including depression, anxiety, OCD, ADHD, Insomnia, and PTSD.
(925) 222-2554 View (925) 222-2554
Photo of Gregory McGowan, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Gregory McGowan
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Pleasanton, CA 94588  (Online Only)
He treats patients for a wide array of medical concerns, including Alzheimer's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, postpartum depression, and schizophrenia.
Dr. Gregory McGowan is a licensed psychiatrist. He earned his medical degree from Marshall University and then completed his residency in psychiatry at the University of California. Dr. McGowan currently practices at Ehab Yacoub, MD Inc. Brain Health USA and sees patients at various locations, including Los Angeles, Van Nuys, Culver City, CA.
He treats patients for a wide array of medical concerns, including Alzheimer's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, postpartum depression, and schizophrenia.
Dr. Gregory McGowan is a licensed psychiatrist. He earned his medical degree from Marshall University and then completed his residency in psychiatry at the University of California. Dr. McGowan currently practices at Ehab Yacoub, MD Inc. Brain Health USA and sees patients at various locations, including Los Angeles, Van Nuys, Culver City, CA.
(424) 389-5524 View (424) 389-5524
Photo of Randall Bailey, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Randall Bailey
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Pleasanton, CA 94588  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(424) 396-0329 View (424) 396-0329
Photo of Elizabeth Mole, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Pleasanton, CA
Elizabeth Mole
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Pleasanton, CA 94588  (Online Only)
Dr. Mole, DNP, PMHNP-BC, has an extensive background in treating a wide range of mental health issues, from depression to schizophrenia, ensuring that each patient receives care tailored to their specific needs. Her approach is not just about addressing symptoms but nurturing overall wellness, leveraging cutting-edge treatments and a compassionate, understanding demeanor to foster healing and growth. With a Doctorate of Nursing from Johns Hopkins University and a Masters in Nursing from UCSF, Dr. Mole, DNP, PMHNP-BC, brings over a decade of experience. She is board certified with the American Nurses Credentialing Center.
Dr. Mole, DNP, PMHNP-BC, has an extensive background in treating a wide range of mental health issues, from depression to schizophrenia, ensuring that each patient receives care tailored to their specific needs. Her approach is not just about addressing symptoms but nurturing overall wellness, leveraging cutting-edge treatments and a compassionate, understanding demeanor to foster healing and growth. With a Doctorate of Nursing from Johns Hopkins University and a Masters in Nursing from UCSF, Dr. Mole, DNP, PMHNP-BC, brings over a decade of experience. She is board certified with the American Nurses Credentialing Center.
(925) 489-0912 View (925) 489-0912
Photo of Daniel Jon Kostalnick, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Daniel Jon Kostalnick
Psychiatrist, MD, FAPA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pleasanton, CA 94566
CNS Medical Group, APMC is an independent psychiatric medical practice that offers a comprehensive and individualized approach to whole person health and wellness in a confidential private practice setting. Our patients include adolescents, adults and families with an emphasis on both medical management and psychotherapy.
CNS Medical Group, APMC is an independent psychiatric medical practice that offers a comprehensive and individualized approach to whole person health and wellness in a confidential private practice setting. Our patients include adolescents, adults and families with an emphasis on both medical management and psychotherapy.
(925) 481-5408 View (925) 481-5408
Photo of Tehila Tanya Abrekov, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Pleasanton, CA
Tehila Tanya Abrekov
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Pleasanton, CA 94588  (Online Only)
Tehila (Tanya) Abrekov, NP is a Psychiatry and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Specialist in Los Angeles, California with more than 1 years of diverse experiences being a Nurse Practitioner.
Tehila (Tanya) Abrekov, NP is a Psychiatry and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Specialist in Los Angeles, California with more than 1 years of diverse experiences being a Nurse Practitioner.
(424) 284-6631 View (424) 284-6631
Photo of Randall Scott Bailey, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Randall Scott Bailey
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Pleasanton, CA 94566  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(310) 340-7908 View (310) 340-7908
Photo of Adel Mostafavi, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Adel Mostafavi
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Pleasanton, CA 94566  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(310) 856-9442 View (310) 856-9442

More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of Dr. Anne Phan-Huy, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Dr. Anne Phan-Huy
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Hayward, CA 94544  (Online Only)
Dr. Phan-Huy's philosophy of care is all about you. Your beliefs, your experiences, your goals. By partnering with Dr. Phan-Huy, you will be empowered with the tools necessary to achieve fulfilment. That’s because – with Board certification in psychiatry and specialty training from the University of Michigan – Dr. Phan-Huy is a beacon of clarity in the complex world of mental health.
Dr. Phan-Huy's philosophy of care is all about you. Your beliefs, your experiences, your goals. By partnering with Dr. Phan-Huy, you will be empowered with the tools necessary to achieve fulfilment. That’s because – with Board certification in psychiatry and specialty training from the University of Michigan – Dr. Phan-Huy is a beacon of clarity in the complex world of mental health.
View
Photo of Samir Hamed, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Pleasanton, CA
Samir Hamed
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Hayward, CA 94540
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Allied Healers, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Allied Healers, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
(341) 888-6478 View (341) 888-6478
Photo of Simret Nanda, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Simret Nanda
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Danville, CA 94506
My ideal client could be a child, adolescent or an adult that wants and needs to get psychiatric care. I am an open-minded and holistic psychiatrist who takes the whole person into account when I am treating him/her. I practice the biopsychosocial model and I also understand that not all treatment modalities work for all people. I tailor treatment goals and strategies for each individual person. I am also a big believer in combining diet, exercise, acupuncture, reiki, massage, physical therapy, psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, psychoeducation, groups into the treatment plan and focusing on wellness as well.
My ideal client could be a child, adolescent or an adult that wants and needs to get psychiatric care. I am an open-minded and holistic psychiatrist who takes the whole person into account when I am treating him/her. I practice the biopsychosocial model and I also understand that not all treatment modalities work for all people. I tailor treatment goals and strategies for each individual person. I am also a big believer in combining diet, exercise, acupuncture, reiki, massage, physical therapy, psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, psychoeducation, groups into the treatment plan and focusing on wellness as well.
(925) 744-8449 View (925) 744-8449

Online Psychiatrists

Photo of Dr. Axeline Johnson, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Dr. Axeline Johnson
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95113
Dr. Johnson is bilingual (Spanish and English) and a Board-certified psychiatrist. She is welcoming new patients seeking professional help for anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, OCD, PTSD, ADHD and other mental health concerns. With medical education at UCLA and specialty training at the University of Pennsylvania, she combines knowledge of psychopharmacology with a nuanced understanding of patients' concerns and experiences with medications. She is particularly cognisant of therapeutic inertia, and works with her patients to ensure that medications are effective and not over-used.
Dr. Johnson is bilingual (Spanish and English) and a Board-certified psychiatrist. She is welcoming new patients seeking professional help for anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, OCD, PTSD, ADHD and other mental health concerns. With medical education at UCLA and specialty training at the University of Pennsylvania, she combines knowledge of psychopharmacology with a nuanced understanding of patients' concerns and experiences with medications. She is particularly cognisant of therapeutic inertia, and works with her patients to ensure that medications are effective and not over-used.
View
Photo of Mottsin Thomas, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Mottsin Thomas
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Palo Alto, CA 94301  (Online Only)
Exclusively focused on mental health issues, Bonmente treats a myriad of psychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, ADHD, sleep disorders, postpartum depression, PTSD, bipolar disorder, panic attacks, and OCD.
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS-Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
Exclusively focused on mental health issues, Bonmente treats a myriad of psychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, ADHD, sleep disorders, postpartum depression, PTSD, bipolar disorder, panic attacks, and OCD.
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS-Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
(650) 686-5441 View (650) 686-5441
Photo of Tara N Valenzuela, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Pleasanton, CA
Tara N Valenzuela
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
The treatment of addiction, anxiety, panic attacks, mood disorders, phobias, OCD, and ADHD are within her wheelhouse.
Dr. Tara Valenzuela DNP, PMHNP-BC. is a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She treats mental health across the lifespan. Her treatments are healing-centered, education-forward, person-focused. This involves customized strategies that may begin with therapy and medication, and can involve holistic planning including nutrition and activity to treat the whole person. She aligns with the idea that Nursing is the facilitation of healing, and works to provide intervention, education, and advocacy. Dr. Tara Valenzuela believes psychiatric treatment allows a life worth living to be lived.
The treatment of addiction, anxiety, panic attacks, mood disorders, phobias, OCD, and ADHD are within her wheelhouse.
Dr. Tara Valenzuela DNP, PMHNP-BC. is a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. She treats mental health across the lifespan. Her treatments are healing-centered, education-forward, person-focused. This involves customized strategies that may begin with therapy and medication, and can involve holistic planning including nutrition and activity to treat the whole person. She aligns with the idea that Nursing is the facilitation of healing, and works to provide intervention, education, and advocacy. Dr. Tara Valenzuela believes psychiatric treatment allows a life worth living to be lived.
(415) 870-3670 View (415) 870-3670
Photo of Ike Uzowulu, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Pleasanton, CA
Ike Uzowulu
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95834  (Online Only)
My practice specializes in treating patients who are struggling with depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, anxiety, insomnia, ADHD, OCD and stress management.
I am a board-certified family psychiatric nurse practitioner with over 12 years in psychiatric and behavioral health settings. I have verifiable experience in treating variety of psychiatric disorders. I tend to be practical and hands-on rather than presuming or committing to one treatment approach. My goal is to work with you to find what works best for you. I provide urgent & routine telehealth Psychiatric services that is interactive, urgent and seamless; such that fosters continuity of care while improving access to patient's in need.
My practice specializes in treating patients who are struggling with depression, bipolar, schizophrenia, anxiety, insomnia, ADHD, OCD and stress management.
I am a board-certified family psychiatric nurse practitioner with over 12 years in psychiatric and behavioral health settings. I have verifiable experience in treating variety of psychiatric disorders. I tend to be practical and hands-on rather than presuming or committing to one treatment approach. My goal is to work with you to find what works best for you. I provide urgent & routine telehealth Psychiatric services that is interactive, urgent and seamless; such that fosters continuity of care while improving access to patient's in need.
(530) 453-6088 View (530) 453-6088
Photo of Manisha Ram Punwani, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Manisha Ram Punwani
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94109
Finding a Board Certified Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, one who approaches treatment from an evidence based clinical, holistic, developmental and systems based (family, school, etc) perspective is challenging. I am committed to improving lives of children, adolescents and their families. I specialize in Autism, Anxiety and OCD disorders. I treat these through Cognitive Behavioral, Exposure Response Prevention, Family or Parent Behavioral Management therapies with or without psychotropic medications. I incorporate mindfulness, psychoeducation, sensory and complimentary interventions as appropriate.
Finding a Board Certified Integrative Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, one who approaches treatment from an evidence based clinical, holistic, developmental and systems based (family, school, etc) perspective is challenging. I am committed to improving lives of children, adolescents and their families. I specialize in Autism, Anxiety and OCD disorders. I treat these through Cognitive Behavioral, Exposure Response Prevention, Family or Parent Behavioral Management therapies with or without psychotropic medications. I incorporate mindfulness, psychoeducation, sensory and complimentary interventions as appropriate.
(415) 599-4349 View (415) 599-4349
Photo of Deepak Kumar, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Deepak Kumar
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Folsom, CA 95630  (Online Only)
Kumar in an outpatient setting have depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, panic disorder, PTSD, OCD and PMDD.
Deepak Kumar M.D., M.S. is an adult board-certified psychiatrist, licensed in CA, TX, NY, FL, PA, and MO. He has worked since 2010 in 9 states and in all kinds of settings from inpatient, IOP/PHP, and outpatient to state hospitals, correctional facilities and tele-psychiatry.
Kumar in an outpatient setting have depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, panic disorder, PTSD, OCD and PMDD.
Deepak Kumar M.D., M.S. is an adult board-certified psychiatrist, licensed in CA, TX, NY, FL, PA, and MO. He has worked since 2010 in 9 states and in all kinds of settings from inpatient, IOP/PHP, and outpatient to state hospitals, correctional facilities and tele-psychiatry.
(516) 908-8530 View (516) 908-8530
Photo of Dr. Reem Libdeh, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Dr. Reem Libdeh
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
San Francisco, CA 94104
Welcome! I am a board-certified psychiatrist based in San Francisco, with clinical expertise in eating disorders, addiction medicine, and women’s mental health. I’m passionate about helping patients get to the underlying causes of their distress, using a trauma-informed approach that includes psychotherapy techniques, lifestyle changes, and, when indicated, medications. I also treat mood disorders, psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, trauma disorders, and other psychiatric ailments. I have extensive experience working with high-functioning professionals struggling with their mental health and/or substance use.
Welcome! I am a board-certified psychiatrist based in San Francisco, with clinical expertise in eating disorders, addiction medicine, and women’s mental health. I’m passionate about helping patients get to the underlying causes of their distress, using a trauma-informed approach that includes psychotherapy techniques, lifestyle changes, and, when indicated, medications. I also treat mood disorders, psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, trauma disorders, and other psychiatric ailments. I have extensive experience working with high-functioning professionals struggling with their mental health and/or substance use.
(415) 876-5583 View (415) 876-5583
Photo of Mottsin Thomas, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Mottsin Thomas
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814  (Online Only)
Exclusively focused on mental health issues, Bonmente treats a myriad of psychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, ADHD, sleep disorders, postpartum depression, PTSD, bipolar disorder, panic attacks, and OCD.
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS-Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
Exclusively focused on mental health issues, Bonmente treats a myriad of psychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, ADHD, sleep disorders, postpartum depression, PTSD, bipolar disorder, panic attacks, and OCD.
ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS-Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
(833) 698-0279 View (833) 698-0279
Photo of Jacob Towery, Psychiatrist in Pleasanton, CA
Jacob Towery
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Palo Alto, CA 94301
Hello. I specialize in providing high-end therapy (+/- medications) to motivated teenagers and adults who want to make change happen relatively fast. I enjoy working with clients who are open to making behavioral changes and struggle with ADHD, anxiety, depression, social anxiety, phobias, OCD, relationship challenges, addiction, procrastination.
Hello. I specialize in providing high-end therapy (+/- medications) to motivated teenagers and adults who want to make change happen relatively fast. I enjoy working with clients who are open to making behavioral changes and struggle with ADHD, anxiety, depression, social anxiety, phobias, OCD, relationship challenges, addiction, procrastination.
(650) 670-3568 View (650) 670-3568

See more therapy options for Pleasanton

Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD) Psychiatrists

How long does OCD treatment take?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is often treated on a weekly or twice-weekly schedule, depending on symptom severity and the client’s preferences. Some clients may start to see a noticeable improvement in symptoms in as little as six weeks, but it’s also possible, especially in more severe cases, for treatment to take several months to a year before significant progress is made.

What happens if OCD is not treated?

Some people with OCD, especially those with mild symptoms, may find that they are able to adapt reasonably well to life with the condition, even if their symptoms never resolve completely. However, many people, particularly those whose symptoms are severe at the outset, find that their obsessions and compulsions grow more intrusive with time, making it harder to maintain relationships, hold down a job, or navigate the world successfully.

Are there medications for OCD?

Medication can be used to treat OCD. The class of drugs most often prescribed are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, which include fluvoxamine (under the brand name Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), and sertraline (Zoloft), among others. In cases of treatment-resistant OCD, other classes of medication, such as tricyclic antidepressants or atypical antipsychotics, may be prescribed. Medication is frequently used in conjunction with therapy.

Can OCD come back after treatment?

Yes. Major life transitions, periods of stress, or other factors can cause symptoms to return or, if they were never fully eradicated, to ramp back up in intensity. For some, these relapses are brief and do not require additional treatment; identifying specific triggers and practicing the skills learned in therapy can help speed their course. For others, returning to therapy for a brief period can help address the underlying stress and strengthen coping mechanisms.