Photo of Dan Begel, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Dan Begel
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Dr. Begel received his undergraduate and medical degrees from Yale University, where he also completed his residency in psychiatry. At Yale he studied the conceptual foundations of psychiatry and the core principles of diverse treatment methods. Today he treats people for a wide variety of issues, from the seemingly mild to the severe. He is up to date on psychiatric research and treatment, and utilizes the full range of methods in his work, including genetic analysis, psychotherapy, and medication management.
Dr. Begel received his undergraduate and medical degrees from Yale University, where he also completed his residency in psychiatry. At Yale he studied the conceptual foundations of psychiatry and the core principles of diverse treatment methods. Today he treats people for a wide variety of issues, from the seemingly mild to the severe. He is up to date on psychiatric research and treatment, and utilizes the full range of methods in his work, including genetic analysis, psychotherapy, and medication management.
(424) 610-8627 View (424) 610-8627
Photo of Meredith Sagan, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Meredith Sagan
Psychiatrist, MD, MPH
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
With extensive expertise in psychiatric medication management, homeopathy, and mind-body medicine psychotherapies, Dr. Sagan offers a unique combination of treatments to help you or your loved one find stability, peace and balance, safely and effectively. At your first appointment Dr. Sagan will review and adjust any medication you may be taking to the most safe and effective regimen possible, or start new medications if indicated. At subsequent appointments, in a dynamic and highly intuitive environment, you will develop a deep understanding of yourself through mind-body techniques that are also designed to eventually replace your medication if practiced regularly.
With extensive expertise in psychiatric medication management, homeopathy, and mind-body medicine psychotherapies, Dr. Sagan offers a unique combination of treatments to help you or your loved one find stability, peace and balance, safely and effectively. At your first appointment Dr. Sagan will review and adjust any medication you may be taking to the most safe and effective regimen possible, or start new medications if indicated. At subsequent appointments, in a dynamic and highly intuitive environment, you will develop a deep understanding of yourself through mind-body techniques that are also designed to eventually replace your medication if practiced regularly.
(310) 421-8906 View (310) 421-8906
Photo of Jamie Plaxco, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Santa Monica, CA
Jamie Plaxco
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Somatic tools and medication management are also utilized regularly in her appointments.
Jamie is a board certified psychiatric nurse practitioner, specializing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, ADHD, substance abuse, OCD and mood disorders. She works closely with a residential treatment center in West Los Angeles that offers more intensive treatment for trauma and OCD.
Somatic tools and medication management are also utilized regularly in her appointments.
Jamie is a board certified psychiatric nurse practitioner, specializing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, PTSD, trauma, ADHD, substance abuse, OCD and mood disorders. She works closely with a residential treatment center in West Los Angeles that offers more intensive treatment for trauma and OCD.
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Photo of Riz Ahmad, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Riz Ahmad
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90404  (Online Only)
Our providers offer medication management and telepsychiatry appointments.
Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
Our providers offer medication management and telepsychiatry appointments.
Bonmente knows asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be.
(323) 312-3677 View (323) 312-3677
Photo of Sham Singh, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Sham Singh
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90402
Our providers offer medication management, various modalities of therapy such as CBT, and telepsychiatry appointments.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
Our providers offer medication management, various modalities of therapy such as CBT, and telepsychiatry appointments.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
(213) 786-6422 View (213) 786-6422
Photo of Joshua Flatow, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Joshua Flatow
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90401
His experience includes crisis stabilization in the emergency setting, inpatient management, outpatient medication management and psychotherapy, and substance abuse treatment.
Pacific Mind Health approaches mental health using a variety of evidence-based treatments including medication, psychotherapy, telemedicine, Spravato and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). We are excited to offer Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) - a revolutionary 3-minute procedure with equal or better efficacy to standard 40+ minute TMS protocols. We provide a thorough diagnostic evaluation to create a personalized treatment plan that will help guide you towards wellness. Please use this link for a free informational TMS session https://www.pacificmindhealth.com/tmsinfo.html
His experience includes crisis stabilization in the emergency setting, inpatient management, outpatient medication management and psychotherapy, and substance abuse treatment.
Pacific Mind Health approaches mental health using a variety of evidence-based treatments including medication, psychotherapy, telemedicine, Spravato and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). We are excited to offer Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) - a revolutionary 3-minute procedure with equal or better efficacy to standard 40+ minute TMS protocols. We provide a thorough diagnostic evaluation to create a personalized treatment plan that will help guide you towards wellness. Please use this link for a free informational TMS session https://www.pacificmindhealth.com/tmsinfo.html
(424) 369-7982 View (424) 369-7982
Plus by APN - Malibu Psychiatry & Neurotech
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90402
Plus by APN offers psychiatric evaluations, medication management, Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (for depression, OCD, anxious depression, smoking cessation, and off-label treatments), neurofeedback, ketamine-assisted treatment (for depression, trauma, and more), stellate ganglion block (for trauma, long COVID, etc), brain mapping, and qEEG.
We're Plus by APN - a team of psychiatry, therapy, and medical providers who have come together to provide real, comprehensive, interventional care for your mental health and well-being. Traditional psychiatry involves diagnosis and medication management. And we certainly do those. But at Plus by APN, we also provide in-depth psychiatric assessments to help you determine the best comprehensive treatment plan for your needs - whether that be therapy, medication, Deep TMS, ketamine-assisted healing, brain mapping, neurofeedback, stellate ganglion block (SGB) or some combination of the above.
Plus by APN offers psychiatric evaluations, medication management, Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (for depression, OCD, anxious depression, smoking cessation, and off-label treatments), neurofeedback, ketamine-assisted treatment (for depression, trauma, and more), stellate ganglion block (for trauma, long COVID, etc), brain mapping, and qEEG.
We're Plus by APN - a team of psychiatry, therapy, and medical providers who have come together to provide real, comprehensive, interventional care for your mental health and well-being. Traditional psychiatry involves diagnosis and medication management. And we certainly do those. But at Plus by APN, we also provide in-depth psychiatric assessments to help you determine the best comprehensive treatment plan for your needs - whether that be therapy, medication, Deep TMS, ketamine-assisted healing, brain mapping, neurofeedback, stellate ganglion block (SGB) or some combination of the above.
(310) 878-0818 View (310) 878-0818
Photo of Dr. Steven Siragusa, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Dr. Steven Siragusa
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I specialize in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry with a focus on cutting-edge, evidenced-based mental healthcare. I am experienced in the diagnosis and treatment depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, bipolar, psychosis, substance use, and PTSD. As a child and adolescent psychiatrist, I employ a neurodevelopmental, family-centered treatment approach with shared decision-making and collaboration of care. I employ a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches such as mindfulness, cognitive, and dialectical behavioral therapies which are specifically tailored to each patient's needs and therapeutic goals.
I specialize in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry with a focus on cutting-edge, evidenced-based mental healthcare. I am experienced in the diagnosis and treatment depression, anxiety, ADHD, autism, bipolar, psychosis, substance use, and PTSD. As a child and adolescent psychiatrist, I employ a neurodevelopmental, family-centered treatment approach with shared decision-making and collaboration of care. I employ a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches such as mindfulness, cognitive, and dialectical behavioral therapies which are specifically tailored to each patient's needs and therapeutic goals.
(323) 375-2497 View (323) 375-2497
Photo of Emil Soorani MD, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Emil Soorani MD
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I have over 38 yrs of experience using psychopharmacology to treat depression, bi-polar, anxiety, dementias, ADHD, traumatic injuries, PTSD, and complex psychiatric disorders compounded by medical illnesses. I believe a holistic approach to treatment offers optimal outcomes. I also offer home consultations and Concierge Service.
I have over 38 yrs of experience using psychopharmacology to treat depression, bi-polar, anxiety, dementias, ADHD, traumatic injuries, PTSD, and complex psychiatric disorders compounded by medical illnesses. I believe a holistic approach to treatment offers optimal outcomes. I also offer home consultations and Concierge Service.
(424) 294-8980 View (424) 294-8980
Photo of Roberto Figueroa, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Roberto Figueroa
Psychiatrist, MD, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
If you are suffering from anxiety or depression you should know you are not alone. Millions of people in the US and about half a billion people in the world have significant depression or anxiety. Anxiety and depression may be caused by psychological, physical, social, and spiritual factors. Struggling with depression or anxiety can cause intense suffering, affect your ability to have or enjoy relationships and disrupt your ability to function at work or home. Problems with your emotional health can prevent you from pursuing your dreams and living life to the fullest.
If you are suffering from anxiety or depression you should know you are not alone. Millions of people in the US and about half a billion people in the world have significant depression or anxiety. Anxiety and depression may be caused by psychological, physical, social, and spiritual factors. Struggling with depression or anxiety can cause intense suffering, affect your ability to have or enjoy relationships and disrupt your ability to function at work or home. Problems with your emotional health can prevent you from pursuing your dreams and living life to the fullest.
(310) 963-7146 View (310) 963-7146
Photo of Hope Integrative Psychiatry, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Hope Integrative Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
If you would like to make an appointment or ask further questions you can also email us at admin@hopepsychiatry.com. Hope was founded to offer a more natural and complete way of helping people recover from mental illness. Blending together insights from the emerging sciences of Interpersonal Neurobiology and Evolutionary Psychology with more ancient practices that have evidence like Mindfulness,Breathwork and Yoga, we focus on shifting people’s consciousness from a disease model to one that empowers our innate capacity to heal and find meaning in our struggle towards wholeness and optimal health.
If you would like to make an appointment or ask further questions you can also email us at admin@hopepsychiatry.com. Hope was founded to offer a more natural and complete way of helping people recover from mental illness. Blending together insights from the emerging sciences of Interpersonal Neurobiology and Evolutionary Psychology with more ancient practices that have evidence like Mindfulness,Breathwork and Yoga, we focus on shifting people’s consciousness from a disease model to one that empowers our innate capacity to heal and find meaning in our struggle towards wholeness and optimal health.
(747) 205-1878 View (747) 205-1878
Photo of Hope Integrative Psychiatry, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Hope Integrative Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
HOPE was founded to offer a more holistic and complete way of helping people recover from mental illness. We focus on shifting people’s consciousness from a disease model to one that empowers our innate capacity to heal and find meaning in our struggle towards wholeness and optimal health.
HOPE was founded to offer a more holistic and complete way of helping people recover from mental illness. We focus on shifting people’s consciousness from a disease model to one that empowers our innate capacity to heal and find meaning in our struggle towards wholeness and optimal health.
(747) 201-4189 View (747) 201-4189

More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of WellPsyche Medical Group, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
WellPsyche Medical Group
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
El Segundo, CA 90245  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(424) 396-0386 View (424) 396-0386
Photo of Sham Singh, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Sham Singh
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
Our providers offer medication management, various modalities of therapy such as CBT, and telepsychiatry appointments.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
Our providers offer medication management, various modalities of therapy such as CBT, and telepsychiatry appointments.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
(424) 364-1788 View (424) 364-1788
Photo of Ana Jimenez, Physician Assistant in Santa Monica, CA
Ana Jimenez
Physician Assistant, PA-C
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90036
Our providers offer medication management, various modalities of therapy such as CBT, and telepsychiatry appointments.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
Our providers offer medication management, various modalities of therapy such as CBT, and telepsychiatry appointments.
We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental health care can be a challenge. That's why we're here, and we're doing things differently. As a patient at Bonmente, you enjoy comprehensive treatments customized specifically for your unique circumstances, convenient telemedicine appointments that allow you to see your provider from the comfort of home, an online patient portal that lets you communicate directly with your provider, and a highly trained support team that makes becoming a patient as simple as it should be. Now welcoming new patients!
(310) 564-7263 View (310) 564-7263
Photo of Adel Mostafavi, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Adel Mostafavi
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Encino, CA 91436  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(310) 589-4299 View (310) 589-4299
Photo of Aline Bales, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Santa Monica, CA
Aline Bales
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Beverly Hills, CA 90210  (Online Only)
Concurrent treatment incorporates psychotherapy with medication management.
Dr. Aline Bales, DNP, PMHNP-BC, is dedicated to providing personalized, empathetic care for all psychiatric and mental health issues. Her unique blend of expertise in diagnosis, medication management, and a range of therapeutic modalities ensures a comprehensive, tailored approach to your mental health journey. My current rates per session: $100.00 Psychiatric Medication Management- 20 min, $260.00 Psychotherapy- 55 min, $300.00 Psychotherapy and Medication Managment- 60 - 75 min
Concurrent treatment incorporates psychotherapy with medication management.
Dr. Aline Bales, DNP, PMHNP-BC, is dedicated to providing personalized, empathetic care for all psychiatric and mental health issues. Her unique blend of expertise in diagnosis, medication management, and a range of therapeutic modalities ensures a comprehensive, tailored approach to your mental health journey. My current rates per session: $100.00 Psychiatric Medication Management- 20 min, $260.00 Psychotherapy- 55 min, $300.00 Psychotherapy and Medication Managment- 60 - 75 min
(661) 338-5924 View (661) 338-5924
Photo of Rebecca R Kolb, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Santa Monica, CA
Rebecca R Kolb
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Beverly Hills, CA 90212
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(310) 340-0377 View (310) 340-0377
Photo of WellPsyche Medical Group, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
WellPsyche Medical Group
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Studio City, CA 91604  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and help our clients function at their best...Consistently!
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and help our clients function at their best...Consistently!
(424) 396-0569 View (424) 396-0569
Photo of Adel Mostafavi, Psychiatrist in Santa Monica, CA
Adel Mostafavi
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hollywood, CA 90069  (Online Only)
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
Are you struggling to balance your physical and mental health? Are things becoming unmanageable? Is your time limited? Then welcome to WellPsyche! WellPsyche Medical Group provides experts in the field of Adult and Child/Adolescent Psychiatry. Our practice offers the latest in psychiatry including Telemedicine! Now you can visit with your psychiatrist from the privacy and convenience of your home or work. Our providers take a Conservative and Effective approach to medication management and can help you balance your life.
(424) 346-6311 View (424) 346-6311

See more therapy options for Santa Monica

Medication Management Psychiatrists

What are the most effective ways to manage medications?

One of the most effective ways a patient can manage their medications is to keep a list of each drug and dosage they take. Such a list can be helpful in keeping to their schedule and can also be something they bring to their psychiatrist or other physician so that the healthcare provider has a clear picture of what they’re taking and in what quantity. Using a pill organizer can be useful for memory and organization. Patients should discuss their medications and their effects at every appointment.

What are the risks if medications are not managed properly?

A suboptimal approach to medication management can lead to potentially harmful health outcomes. Most psychiatric drugs have side effects, and if a patient is not aware of them, they may seek additional medical help or over the counter or prescription drugs to treat the side effects, which may have its own side effects, a process called “prescription cascade.” Another risk to disorganization is that a psychiatrist without full knowledge of a patient’s regimen could prescribe a medication that should not be mixed with a patient’s existing drugs.

What’s the best way to encourage someone to get help managing their medications?

It’s helpful to express concern and love for the person while framing medication management as a tool for improving their life and avoiding dangerous side effects. Offering specific examples of an individual’s failure to properly manage their medication regimen should be done with compassion and with empathy. It may be useful to break management down into parts, and there are several apps that can be used to organize which drugs are ingested, when they need to be refilled, and how they should be stored.

Are there natural treatments that can replace medications?

While there are many medications that can be vital to mental health, there are some natural lifestyle changes that can help reduce the need for drugs. Regular exercise, good sleep habits, a healthy diet, and therapy can all go a long way in symptom relief. Psychiatric medications typically treat symptoms but do not necessarily treat the cause of the condition. Many clinicians consider medications an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment in and of itself.