Psychiatrists in Massachusetts

Photo of Coaching with Kate, Psychiatric Nurse in Massachusetts
Coaching with Kate
Psychiatric Nurse, RN, CLC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02125  (Online Only)
We all crave success in our personal and professional lives. The relationship we have with our past or current situation can either debilitate OR completely empower us in taking action forward toward living the ways we truly desire. Each life journey is packed with experiences we often think define us, but it's really how we think now about our past, present, and future that defines us. The best news is that every individual is fully capable and worthy of creating their dream life. Life Coaching offers practical concepts and action-based tools for individuals to solve their problems, define their future, and take action.
We all crave success in our personal and professional lives. The relationship we have with our past or current situation can either debilitate OR completely empower us in taking action forward toward living the ways we truly desire. Each life journey is packed with experiences we often think define us, but it's really how we think now about our past, present, and future that defines us. The best news is that every individual is fully capable and worthy of creating their dream life. Life Coaching offers practical concepts and action-based tools for individuals to solve their problems, define their future, and take action.
(207) 656-1499 View (207) 656-1499
Photo of David H. Brendel, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
David H. Brendel
Psychiatrist, MD, PhD
Verified Verified
Belmont, MA 02478
As a psychiatrist, executive coach, and philosophical counselor, I help clients confronting the stress that accompanies life transitions. As a psychiatrist, I diagnose and treat people with anxiety, mood instability, insomnia, and attention deficits. As an executive coach, I help clients manage work stress, overcome burnout, make career transitions, develop leaderships skills, and improve their overall functioning. As a philosophical counselor, I help clients attain deeper insight and fulfillment by engaging in self-reflection. In each role, I help clients handle stress, develop their core strengths, gain self-awareness, and achieve peak performance. This empowers clients to lead more fulfilled, joyful, compassionate, and productive lives.
As a psychiatrist, executive coach, and philosophical counselor, I help clients confronting the stress that accompanies life transitions. As a psychiatrist, I diagnose and treat people with anxiety, mood instability, insomnia, and attention deficits. As an executive coach, I help clients manage work stress, overcome burnout, make career transitions, develop leaderships skills, and improve their overall functioning. As a philosophical counselor, I help clients attain deeper insight and fulfillment by engaging in self-reflection. In each role, I help clients handle stress, develop their core strengths, gain self-awareness, and achieve peak performance. This empowers clients to lead more fulfilled, joyful, compassionate, and productive lives.
(617) 379-1452 View (617) 379-1452
Photo of Diana Deister, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Diana Deister
Psychiatrist, MD, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
My practice, Bountiful Mental Health, provides a boutique psychiatric experience for families, children, adolescents, and adults, with timely appointment availability and individualized care. Our two-hour evaluation session allows time to establish the initial correct diagnosis. Through our work together, I get a full picture of your life and how best to help you and your family achieve your goals. Non-medication approaches are emphasized as the most sustainable path to life-long health, though medications may be prescribed with careful attention to preventing or eliminating side effects while obtaining full benefits.
My practice, Bountiful Mental Health, provides a boutique psychiatric experience for families, children, adolescents, and adults, with timely appointment availability and individualized care. Our two-hour evaluation session allows time to establish the initial correct diagnosis. Through our work together, I get a full picture of your life and how best to help you and your family achieve your goals. Non-medication approaches are emphasized as the most sustainable path to life-long health, though medications may be prescribed with careful attention to preventing or eliminating side effects while obtaining full benefits.
(617) 544-0626 View (617) 544-0626
Photo of Ruxandra Carp, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Ruxandra Carp
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Winchester, MA 01890  (Online Only)
I focus on developing a collaborative relationship with my clients and I am deeply interested in getting to know their unique strengths, needs, and life experiences. I combine evidence based medicine with various therapeutic interventions, to empower my clients to balance their emotions, thoughts, and reactions. Subsequently, they develop healthier life patterns and pursue their personal, academic, and career goals. I completed my residency and fellowship at training programs affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Dual Board Certifications in Adult Psychiatry and in Child Psychiatry.
I focus on developing a collaborative relationship with my clients and I am deeply interested in getting to know their unique strengths, needs, and life experiences. I combine evidence based medicine with various therapeutic interventions, to empower my clients to balance their emotions, thoughts, and reactions. Subsequently, they develop healthier life patterns and pursue their personal, academic, and career goals. I completed my residency and fellowship at training programs affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Dual Board Certifications in Adult Psychiatry and in Child Psychiatry.
(781) 519-0442 View (781) 519-0442
Photo of Simon M. Selwyn, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Simon M. Selwyn
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, CNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waltham, MA 02452
I specialize in the assessment, diagnosis, and medication management of a wide range of mental health issues. Your unique goals and needs are at the forefront of my practice. Kindness, compassion, empathy, and a non-judgmental attitude are the cornerstones of who I am, both professionally and personally. I offer a safe space to work collaboratively and guide you to a more balanced place, towards your particular goals. I look forward to supporting you through difficult periods of your life and empowering you to take back your mental health. My web site: www.belmontpsychiatricservices.com.
I specialize in the assessment, diagnosis, and medication management of a wide range of mental health issues. Your unique goals and needs are at the forefront of my practice. Kindness, compassion, empathy, and a non-judgmental attitude are the cornerstones of who I am, both professionally and personally. I offer a safe space to work collaboratively and guide you to a more balanced place, towards your particular goals. I look forward to supporting you through difficult periods of your life and empowering you to take back your mental health. My web site: www.belmontpsychiatricservices.com.
(617) 356-0837 View (617) 356-0837
Photo of Dr. Catline Jacques, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Dr. Catline Jacques
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02140  (Online Only)
Whether you're dealing with burnout from school or from work or challenging life transitions we're here to support you.
Hello and welcome! I am Dr. Catline Jacques, a double-boarded psychiatrist, Tufts-trained in general psychiatry and Harvard-trained in consultation-liaison psychiatry, and I am the founder of Alverdia Health. Alverdia is a holistic virtual mental health practice that serves adults from 21 to 65 in MA. With over 8 years of experience, I've dedicated my career to helping adults with anxiety and depression flourish. At Alverdia Health, my team & I use an evidence-based, person-centered approach to provide compassionate and high-quality care. We provide medication management when needed, supportive therapy and psychiatric consultation.
Whether you're dealing with burnout from school or from work or challenging life transitions we're here to support you.
Hello and welcome! I am Dr. Catline Jacques, a double-boarded psychiatrist, Tufts-trained in general psychiatry and Harvard-trained in consultation-liaison psychiatry, and I am the founder of Alverdia Health. Alverdia is a holistic virtual mental health practice that serves adults from 21 to 65 in MA. With over 8 years of experience, I've dedicated my career to helping adults with anxiety and depression flourish. At Alverdia Health, my team & I use an evidence-based, person-centered approach to provide compassionate and high-quality care. We provide medication management when needed, supportive therapy and psychiatric consultation.
(617) 272-7355 View (617) 272-7355
Photo of Abigail Nganye, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Abigail Nganye
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Norwood, MA 02062
Are you ready to make a change in your life? Are you tired, depressed, lack concentration or motivation? Are you having trouble sleeping at night and feel tired when you awaken? If any of the above describes you, it takes courage to ask for help, but the rewards of doing so can lead to a lifetime of fulfillment. We understand the emotional challenges that life has to offer. In working together, we will cultivate growth by understanding the obstacles that you face and develop personalized treatment approach that can help you on your mental health journey. You are not alone.
Are you ready to make a change in your life? Are you tired, depressed, lack concentration or motivation? Are you having trouble sleeping at night and feel tired when you awaken? If any of the above describes you, it takes courage to ask for help, but the rewards of doing so can lead to a lifetime of fulfillment. We understand the emotional challenges that life has to offer. In working together, we will cultivate growth by understanding the obstacles that you face and develop personalized treatment approach that can help you on your mental health journey. You are not alone.
(781) 499-8192 View (781) 499-8192
Photo of Andrea Conway, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Andrea Conway
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plymouth, MA 02360
My ideal client would be someone who wants to take the journey with me to improve their overall wellbeing and set a path to achieve their personal goals. Let us explore the root causes of your mental health needs to identify if psychiatric medications or natural supplements could be of benefit. Medication may be part of your needs as well as holistic treatment including activity level, nutrition, relationships and health issues. All which help one to achieve a more content life.
My ideal client would be someone who wants to take the journey with me to improve their overall wellbeing and set a path to achieve their personal goals. Let us explore the root causes of your mental health needs to identify if psychiatric medications or natural supplements could be of benefit. Medication may be part of your needs as well as holistic treatment including activity level, nutrition, relationships and health issues. All which help one to achieve a more content life.
(508) 406-7566 View (508) 406-7566
Photo of Amiee Caruso, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Amiee Caruso
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CAGS, MSN, PMHNPBC, CNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Holden, MA 01520  (Online Only)
Feeling emotionally out of harmony can make us feel stuck, but there is hope! You really can live with an abundance of peace, joy and gratitude. And I believe you deserve a life that leaves you feeling thankful for each new sunrise. I promise to help empower you through your journey in hopes to achieve healing and help enrich your daily blessings through personal awareness and growth. Life is too precious to be chained down by the heaviness and burdens of our sufferings. I believe there is great freedom found in working to release emotional pain. My goal is to assist you in finding yours!
Feeling emotionally out of harmony can make us feel stuck, but there is hope! You really can live with an abundance of peace, joy and gratitude. And I believe you deserve a life that leaves you feeling thankful for each new sunrise. I promise to help empower you through your journey in hopes to achieve healing and help enrich your daily blessings through personal awareness and growth. Life is too precious to be chained down by the heaviness and burdens of our sufferings. I believe there is great freedom found in working to release emotional pain. My goal is to assist you in finding yours!
(978) 307-0190 View (978) 307-0190
Photo of Susan Rako MD, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Susan Rako MD
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02460  (Online Only)
If you need help to gain or regain a good enough balance and a way to find happiness in your life, I have decades of valuable experience. I am known as a "psychiatrist's psychiatrist," a true healer, and one who is gifted at working with "challenging" situations" -- both individual and couples. Therapy is my specialty, and I evaluate and prescribe medication only for patients I treat in therapy when it is truly indicated. I particularly enjoy working with individuals who are more interested in developing their own capacities than in complaining about the inadequacy of what they find outside themselves in the world and in other people. I do not provide "medication management" if that is a primary reason for consultation. Author of : "That's How the Light Gets In: Memoir of a Psychiatrist" (published by Random House) and "Semrad: The Heart of a Therapist" (see www.susanrako.com) My blog, "More Light" can also be found on my website.
If you need help to gain or regain a good enough balance and a way to find happiness in your life, I have decades of valuable experience. I am known as a "psychiatrist's psychiatrist," a true healer, and one who is gifted at working with "challenging" situations" -- both individual and couples. Therapy is my specialty, and I evaluate and prescribe medication only for patients I treat in therapy when it is truly indicated. I particularly enjoy working with individuals who are more interested in developing their own capacities than in complaining about the inadequacy of what they find outside themselves in the world and in other people. I do not provide "medication management" if that is a primary reason for consultation. Author of : "That's How the Light Gets In: Memoir of a Psychiatrist" (published by Random House) and "Semrad: The Heart of a Therapist" (see www.susanrako.com) My blog, "More Light" can also be found on my website.
(617) 964-4241 View (617) 964-4241
Photo of Saleema John, Physician Assistant in Massachusetts
Saleema John
Physician Assistant, MMS, PA-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446  (Online Only)
Insurance-Covered. Personalized. Compassionate. Medication Management. Trained by Harvard Medical School Faculty Member. I am a dedicated clinician with a passion for providing high-quality psychiatric care tailored to your unique needs to enhance your mental health. I understand that medication can play a crucial role in achieving balance and stability in life. Whether you are navigating depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, OCD, etc., my focus is on delivering empathetic and individualized care. I embrace a holistic approach to mental health, recognizing the importance of lifestyle, self-care, and therapeutic support.
Insurance-Covered. Personalized. Compassionate. Medication Management. Trained by Harvard Medical School Faculty Member. I am a dedicated clinician with a passion for providing high-quality psychiatric care tailored to your unique needs to enhance your mental health. I understand that medication can play a crucial role in achieving balance and stability in life. Whether you are navigating depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, OCD, etc., my focus is on delivering empathetic and individualized care. I embrace a holistic approach to mental health, recognizing the importance of lifestyle, self-care, and therapeutic support.
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Photo of Maria Eden Aguilar Gianan, Psychiatric Nurse in Massachusetts
Maria Eden Aguilar Gianan
Psychiatric Nurse, BSN, NP, CNS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dedham, MA 02026
My clients are usually feeling overwhelmed by sudden challenges and transitions which can alter perspective and cause stress, depression, anxiety and trauma. I provide the guidance and positive outlook needed to respond to stressful situations as opportunities to learn and grow. I also have a wide range of experience in crisis stabilization. Crisis strongly impacts day-to-day routines, yet with counseling, clients can move forward with life. Learning how to move forward, although often difficult, can prevent further emotional distress.
My clients are usually feeling overwhelmed by sudden challenges and transitions which can alter perspective and cause stress, depression, anxiety and trauma. I provide the guidance and positive outlook needed to respond to stressful situations as opportunities to learn and grow. I also have a wide range of experience in crisis stabilization. Crisis strongly impacts day-to-day routines, yet with counseling, clients can move forward with life. Learning how to move forward, although often difficult, can prevent further emotional distress.
(781) 787-2485 View (781) 787-2485
Springwell Collaborative,PLLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02494  (Online Only)
We provide individual therapy and medication management to assist adults in gaining insight and increased coping abilities that are suffering from anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues as well as major life transitions( such as widower, new parent, career changes) . You will need the guidance of someone who will keep you on task but at the same time allow you to go at a pace that feels safe. You need someone you can learn to trust. We enter into a collaboration that is itself a form of meditation. By learning to be present to each other in the therapeutic setting a new possibility for being in the world emerges
We provide individual therapy and medication management to assist adults in gaining insight and increased coping abilities that are suffering from anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues as well as major life transitions( such as widower, new parent, career changes) . You will need the guidance of someone who will keep you on task but at the same time allow you to go at a pace that feels safe. You need someone you can learn to trust. We enter into a collaboration that is itself a form of meditation. By learning to be present to each other in the therapeutic setting a new possibility for being in the world emerges
(781) 650-9305 View (781) 650-9305
Photo of Katherine Kosman, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Katherine Kosman
Psychiatrist, MD, MBA
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02115  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
With real-life experience, I have worked in an array of professional realms and careers, bridging fields with a richness of background experiences that inform my perspectives on life transitions, high-achieving environments, and authentic fulfillment.
Streamline your well-being with a Harvard-trained psychiatrist MD with psychotherapy as a focus and cornerstone of care. Individuals describe themselves as educated, aspiring, accomplished. But the journey of through life can scramble priorities and fulfillment. Invest in yourself to break free of patterns, to become the best you, and to chart the life legacy you desire. Connect conveniently from the privacy of your own home, right from where you are. It's Time to Prioritize Your Mental Health and Well-Being. It's Time to Feel Like Your Best Self.
With real-life experience, I have worked in an array of professional realms and careers, bridging fields with a richness of background experiences that inform my perspectives on life transitions, high-achieving environments, and authentic fulfillment.
Streamline your well-being with a Harvard-trained psychiatrist MD with psychotherapy as a focus and cornerstone of care. Individuals describe themselves as educated, aspiring, accomplished. But the journey of through life can scramble priorities and fulfillment. Invest in yourself to break free of patterns, to become the best you, and to chart the life legacy you desire. Connect conveniently from the privacy of your own home, right from where you are. It's Time to Prioritize Your Mental Health and Well-Being. It's Time to Feel Like Your Best Self.
(508) 475-5915 View (508) 475-5915
Photo of Melanie Kelley, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Melanie Kelley
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114  (Online Only)
Mental health wellness is the key to increasing happiness and contentment within one's life.
My name is Melanie Kelley, and I am an ANCC board-certified Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner passionate about delivering innovative mental health care, including psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. I combine both medication management and psychotherapy modalities to treat children, adolescents, and adults to achieve sustainable and safe outcomes. As many of us know, treatment takes a collaborative and multimodal approach that is unique and individualized based on the patient's desired goals and outcomes.
Mental health wellness is the key to increasing happiness and contentment within one's life.
My name is Melanie Kelley, and I am an ANCC board-certified Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner passionate about delivering innovative mental health care, including psychiatric evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. I combine both medication management and psychotherapy modalities to treat children, adolescents, and adults to achieve sustainable and safe outcomes. As many of us know, treatment takes a collaborative and multimodal approach that is unique and individualized based on the patient's desired goals and outcomes.
(617) 397-5273 View (617) 397-5273
Photo of Joseph F. Toomey, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Joseph F. Toomey
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02125
If you’re struggling with a mental health condition and need help with medication management, or simply want to discuss living a more focused, productive, balanced life, please contact me for a private consultation.
With over three decades’ experience in academic and corporate environments, my current work as a Psychiatric DNP has evolved from observing the challenges and successes of colleagues and students and their relationship to emotional HEALTH and the ability to FOCUS on daily and long-term goals. As a result of my Yale, Duke, and MGH psychiatric training, I’ve honed my observations into effective working theories about the biopsychosocial factors that influence peoples’ vitality and well-being. If you're currently struggling with academic, professional or emotional obstacles, I believe I can help.
If you’re struggling with a mental health condition and need help with medication management, or simply want to discuss living a more focused, productive, balanced life, please contact me for a private consultation.
With over three decades’ experience in academic and corporate environments, my current work as a Psychiatric DNP has evolved from observing the challenges and successes of colleagues and students and their relationship to emotional HEALTH and the ability to FOCUS on daily and long-term goals. As a result of my Yale, Duke, and MGH psychiatric training, I’ve honed my observations into effective working theories about the biopsychosocial factors that influence peoples’ vitality and well-being. If you're currently struggling with academic, professional or emotional obstacles, I believe I can help.
(857) 269-1988 View (857) 269-1988
Photo of Anita Pandolfe Ruchman, Psychiatric Nurse in Massachusetts
Anita Pandolfe Ruchman
Psychiatric Nurse, NP, MSN
Verified Verified
Rockport, MA 01966  (Online Only)
Are you depressed, anxious, experiencing loss, grief, illness, divorce or other major life changes ? Are you pregnant, an anxious new mother, overwhelmed, isolated, or sad? Situations seem endless. Perhaps you don't know how you can cope with such hardships. You will have the wise counsel & skill of a Nurse Psychotherapist, helping you to find balance & health. Full-hour sessions inspire & guide you towards positive change. You & I work collaboratively & holistically, as you learn & develop tools for working through anxiety, grief & depression. With my guidance, you discover hope, & a new & different way of thinking about yourself & your life.
Are you depressed, anxious, experiencing loss, grief, illness, divorce or other major life changes ? Are you pregnant, an anxious new mother, overwhelmed, isolated, or sad? Situations seem endless. Perhaps you don't know how you can cope with such hardships. You will have the wise counsel & skill of a Nurse Psychotherapist, helping you to find balance & health. Full-hour sessions inspire & guide you towards positive change. You & I work collaboratively & holistically, as you learn & develop tools for working through anxiety, grief & depression. With my guidance, you discover hope, & a new & different way of thinking about yourself & your life.
(978) 308-0415 View (978) 308-0415
Photo of Anya Bernstein, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Anya Bernstein
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Framingham, MA 01702
I strive for all of my patients to reach and sustain remission and live a better life.
I offer psychiatric services to adults and adolescents ages 17 and up. I treat a broad range of conditions including mood disorders, psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder and others.
I strive for all of my patients to reach and sustain remission and live a better life.
I offer psychiatric services to adults and adolescents ages 17 and up. I treat a broad range of conditions including mood disorders, psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder and others.
(508) 978-2621 View (508) 978-2621
Photo of Renee Marie Garbitt, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Renee Marie Garbitt
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, C-NP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
New Bedford, MA 02740  (Online Only)
Now accepting new referrals.- At Grounded Interventions Psychiatric Services we offer treatment grounded in empirically supported strategies to address a dynamic set of behavioral health needs. Our approach is compassionate, individually tailored and aimed at reducing distressing symptoms while improving overall quality of life.​
Now accepting new referrals.- At Grounded Interventions Psychiatric Services we offer treatment grounded in empirically supported strategies to address a dynamic set of behavioral health needs. Our approach is compassionate, individually tailored and aimed at reducing distressing symptoms while improving overall quality of life.​
(508) 886-3921 View (508) 886-3921
DLH Consulting & Psychiatric Services
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, LMHC, LICSW, LCSW, PMH-NP, MD
Verified Verified
Dartmouth, MA 02747
While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to resolve challenges in your life.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating.
While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to resolve challenges in your life.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating.
(508) 306-8336 View (508) 306-8336

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Life Coaching Psychiatrists

What can I expect from life coaching?

Clients and coaches will typically start by identifying the problem area(s) that the client hopes to address—then, the coach will help the client brainstorm potential solutions and explore concrete techniques to help the client attain their goals. Coaching is typically short-term and focused on finding solutions in the here and now, rather than exploring a client’s past. In addition to strategies aimed at the client’s specific concerns, coaches may encourage general stress management techniques such as meditation.

Can a life coach help treat anxiety?

Because the majority of life coaches are not licensed clinicians, they are not qualified to diagnose or treat anxiety. Anyone struggling with anxiety or another mental health condition should seek help from a licensed mental health practitioner. However, some coaching clients who struggle with subclinical anxiety report that working with their coach on other problems—such as career dissatisfaction or unhealthy habits—has a positive effect on their anxiety.

Can life coaching be done online?

Yes. While life coaching often happens in person, many coaches conduct sessions over the phone or via online platforms such as Zoom or Skype. Because life coaches are not subject to local licensing regulations in the same way that therapists are, they are able to see clients who live in other locations.

How long does life coaching last?

Life coaching tends to be a shorter-term process than therapy, though it does not always unfold over a specific period of time and is instead based on the coach’s or the client’s preferences. Coaching often takes place over three to 12 months but may be shorter or longer if necessary.