Psychodynamic Psychiatrists in Massachusetts

Photo of Joshua Haugh, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Joshua Haugh
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02474
Comprehensive treatment options weave together: Psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychiatric medications (when appropriate), evidence-based integrative medicine (functional medicine), medical hypnosis, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Now accepting new patients. Evening and weekend appointments are available. I treat patients as complex and dynamic individuals. As a fully licensed double-board-certified physician, my practice combines several approaches to create tailored support. At Synchrony Integrative Psychiatry, I offer support for adults struggling with psychiatric conditions and distress related to medical illnesses, emphasizing the interconnection between the mind, the body, and the social world. “Invisible illnesses” including chronic pain conditions, migraine, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and IBS are areas of distinct interest for me.
Comprehensive treatment options weave together: Psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychiatric medications (when appropriate), evidence-based integrative medicine (functional medicine), medical hypnosis, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Now accepting new patients. Evening and weekend appointments are available. I treat patients as complex and dynamic individuals. As a fully licensed double-board-certified physician, my practice combines several approaches to create tailored support. At Synchrony Integrative Psychiatry, I offer support for adults struggling with psychiatric conditions and distress related to medical illnesses, emphasizing the interconnection between the mind, the body, and the social world. “Invisible illnesses” including chronic pain conditions, migraine, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and IBS are areas of distinct interest for me.
(781) 443-8488 View (781) 443-8488
Photo of Joe Gallego, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Joe Gallego
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
Making the decision to pursue psychiatric treatment requires courage and motivation. As your psychiatrist, I honor your willingness to be vulnerable with me by being transparent with you throughout our work together. My clinical approach balances directness with empathy, shared expectation with flexibility, and professionalism with humor and warmth. I provide psychiatric evaluations, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and medication management to adolescents and adults. I am passionate about caring for LGBTQIA+ people, and I have been researching and teaching about queer issues in health care for the past ten years.
Making the decision to pursue psychiatric treatment requires courage and motivation. As your psychiatrist, I honor your willingness to be vulnerable with me by being transparent with you throughout our work together. My clinical approach balances directness with empathy, shared expectation with flexibility, and professionalism with humor and warmth. I provide psychiatric evaluations, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and medication management to adolescents and adults. I am passionate about caring for LGBTQIA+ people, and I have been researching and teaching about queer issues in health care for the past ten years.
(508) 374-9271 View (508) 374-9271
Photo of Dr. Barbara Burton, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Dr. Barbara Burton
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Brookline, MA 02446
I offer both medication management and therapy, with a specialization in psychodynamic therapy.
When mental health symptoms interfere with everyday life, finding the right clinician can be daunting. I am excited to get to know you and hopefully make your journey a little easier. You deserve an approach that is personalized to your unique story, with a psychiatrist who is attentive and flexible. Together, we will collaborate to design a treatment plan that best fits your individual wellness goals. I have a clinical focus on working with patients from high-stress professions, addressing issues such as burnout, moral injury, relationships, self-esteem, and identity.
I offer both medication management and therapy, with a specialization in psychodynamic therapy.
When mental health symptoms interfere with everyday life, finding the right clinician can be daunting. I am excited to get to know you and hopefully make your journey a little easier. You deserve an approach that is personalized to your unique story, with a psychiatrist who is attentive and flexible. Together, we will collaborate to design a treatment plan that best fits your individual wellness goals. I have a clinical focus on working with patients from high-stress professions, addressing issues such as burnout, moral injury, relationships, self-esteem, and identity.
(857) 382-2901 View (857) 382-2901
Photo of Philip Sullivan, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Philip Sullivan
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
Doctor Phillip Sullivan is a staff psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He is board certified in both adult psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry. His interest in psychiatric treatment was originally triggered by the humanistic writings of Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. As he earned his medical degree and started post-graduate psychiatric training, he went on to learn psycho-pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic treatment approaches.
Doctor Phillip Sullivan is a staff psychiatrist at Talkiatry. He is board certified in both adult psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry. His interest in psychiatric treatment was originally triggered by the humanistic writings of Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. As he earned his medical degree and started post-graduate psychiatric training, he went on to learn psycho-pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic treatment approaches.
(617) 397-7728 View (617) 397-7728
Photo of Laura Warren, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Laura Warren
Psychiatrist, M D
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
My style is holistic and draws from mindfulness, psychodynamic, self-compassion, CBT, and mind-body approaches.
Life can be intensely challenging, with great suffering and pain. It can be overwhelming to figure out how to jumpstart the healing process. It takes courage to pursue psychotherapy. Often if you trust the process and stay curious, therapy can facilitate powerful insight and personal growth. I help create an environment that is safe and supportive so you can develop reflective self-awareness and positive coping skills. This can help you live more fully and with resilience, catalyzing your healing. Currently I am also a part-time lecturer at Harvard, and senior faculty at the CHA Center for Mindfulness and Compassion.
My style is holistic and draws from mindfulness, psychodynamic, self-compassion, CBT, and mind-body approaches.
Life can be intensely challenging, with great suffering and pain. It can be overwhelming to figure out how to jumpstart the healing process. It takes courage to pursue psychotherapy. Often if you trust the process and stay curious, therapy can facilitate powerful insight and personal growth. I help create an environment that is safe and supportive so you can develop reflective self-awareness and positive coping skills. This can help you live more fully and with resilience, catalyzing your healing. Currently I am also a part-time lecturer at Harvard, and senior faculty at the CHA Center for Mindfulness and Compassion.
(617) 944-5562 View (617) 944-5562
Photo of Dr. James H. Powers, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Dr. James H. Powers
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02111
I offer individual psychotherapy (primarily psychodynamic psychotherapy, but I also incorporate CBT, DBT, ERP, and mindfulness therapy) as well as medication management - some patients benefit from a combined approach.
Harvard-trained and MGH-affiliated psychiatrist who offers psychotherapy +/- medication management for a variety of emotional challenges including but not limited to depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and more. I enjoy maintaining a small private practice, which allows me to get to know my patients very well and to provide highly tailored and individualized care. Our first session entails an in-depth psychiatric evaluation, after which we will collaboratively consider treatment options.
I offer individual psychotherapy (primarily psychodynamic psychotherapy, but I also incorporate CBT, DBT, ERP, and mindfulness therapy) as well as medication management - some patients benefit from a combined approach.
Harvard-trained and MGH-affiliated psychiatrist who offers psychotherapy +/- medication management for a variety of emotional challenges including but not limited to depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and more. I enjoy maintaining a small private practice, which allows me to get to know my patients very well and to provide highly tailored and individualized care. Our first session entails an in-depth psychiatric evaluation, after which we will collaboratively consider treatment options.
(339) 229-6238 View (339) 229-6238
Photo of Menekse Alpay, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Menekse Alpay
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
I am well-versed in different psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, dialectical-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapy and interpersonal therapy.
I work with individuals who have anxiety, depression, mood disorders, insomnia, relationship problems, trauma history, medical illness, neurological illness, and/or individuals who are helping family members with these problems. My experience over the last 25 years in psychiatry has shown that medications are helpful but do not take care of all problems in life. I offer combined psychiatric treatment. I received my psychiatric residency training from Georgetown University Hospital and fellowship in Psychosomatic Medicine from Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
I am well-versed in different psychotherapies including psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, dialectical-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapy and interpersonal therapy.
I work with individuals who have anxiety, depression, mood disorders, insomnia, relationship problems, trauma history, medical illness, neurological illness, and/or individuals who are helping family members with these problems. My experience over the last 25 years in psychiatry has shown that medications are helpful but do not take care of all problems in life. I offer combined psychiatric treatment. I received my psychiatric residency training from Georgetown University Hospital and fellowship in Psychosomatic Medicine from Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
(617) 231-9618 View (617) 231-9618
Photo of Anthony Marfeo, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Anthony Marfeo
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420  (Online Only)
I am experienced in treating a wide range of motivated adult patients. I graduated Yale Medical School in 2010, completed four years of psychiatry training in 2014 at the Harvard Longwood Psychiatry Residency Training program, and am board-certified in psychiatry. I’ve also spent several years pursuing advanced training in insight-oriented psychodynamic therapy. My approach to mental health is comprehensive, taking into account the entire multidimensional person and the context of their lives.
I am experienced in treating a wide range of motivated adult patients. I graduated Yale Medical School in 2010, completed four years of psychiatry training in 2014 at the Harvard Longwood Psychiatry Residency Training program, and am board-certified in psychiatry. I’ve also spent several years pursuing advanced training in insight-oriented psychodynamic therapy. My approach to mental health is comprehensive, taking into account the entire multidimensional person and the context of their lives.
(617) 804-5133 View (617) 804-5133
Photo of Andrew Compaine, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Andrew Compaine
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Weston, MA 02493
My approach is to synthesize a medical-model to the evaluation and treatment of your symptoms with a commitment to psychodynamic therapy. Diagnostic labels can be useful if you may need medications; but,even more important is our work together to understand the context of your current difficulties. What are the triggers for your symptoms; what are the meanings you give to feelings; and, how do your relationships, past and present, effect your coping style? My aim is to facilitate your growth towards ever greater authenticity, and to empower you to make healthier choices and maintain a more positive outlook.
My approach is to synthesize a medical-model to the evaluation and treatment of your symptoms with a commitment to psychodynamic therapy. Diagnostic labels can be useful if you may need medications; but,even more important is our work together to understand the context of your current difficulties. What are the triggers for your symptoms; what are the meanings you give to feelings; and, how do your relationships, past and present, effect your coping style? My aim is to facilitate your growth towards ever greater authenticity, and to empower you to make healthier choices and maintain a more positive outlook.
(781) 479-2171 View (781) 479-2171
Photo of Chaya Bhuvaneswaran, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Chaya Bhuvaneswaran
Psychiatrist, MD , MA, MPH
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116
Most of my patients benefit from a combination of medication management and insight-oriented psychodynamic psychotherapy as well as cognitive behavioral therapy.
I am a Harvard trained, Board Certified, Psychiatrist with a private practice in the Back Bay Area, Boston. My training includes my MD from Stanford with honors, Harvard residency training at MGH-McLean, and my certification in cognitive behavioral therapy (for anxiety, depression and PTSD) while I was faculty at the University of Pennsylvania and University of Massachusetts. My outpatient clinic was previously at Cambridge Health Alliance and I now run a boutique private practice offering personalized, attentive care and support. Narrative therapy and mindfulness training are included along with meticulous psychopharmacology.
Most of my patients benefit from a combination of medication management and insight-oriented psychodynamic psychotherapy as well as cognitive behavioral therapy.
I am a Harvard trained, Board Certified, Psychiatrist with a private practice in the Back Bay Area, Boston. My training includes my MD from Stanford with honors, Harvard residency training at MGH-McLean, and my certification in cognitive behavioral therapy (for anxiety, depression and PTSD) while I was faculty at the University of Pennsylvania and University of Massachusetts. My outpatient clinic was previously at Cambridge Health Alliance and I now run a boutique private practice offering personalized, attentive care and support. Narrative therapy and mindfulness training are included along with meticulous psychopharmacology.
(857) 227-9022 View (857) 227-9022
Photo of Amber Frank, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Amber Frank
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
This may include supportive, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and dialectical behavior therapy strategies, depending on a patient’s individual needs.
Dr. Amber Frank is board certified in Adult Psychiatry. She received her medical degree from Harvard Medical School and completed her residency training at the Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School Adult Psychiatry Training Program. Dr. Frank believes in a holistic approach to patient care. She strives to understand and treat every patient using a framework that includes not just the biological (medical), but also the psychological, social, environmental, and cultural elements that may contribute to an individual person’s experience of mental health and wellness.
This may include supportive, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and dialectical behavior therapy strategies, depending on a patient’s individual needs.
Dr. Amber Frank is board certified in Adult Psychiatry. She received her medical degree from Harvard Medical School and completed her residency training at the Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School Adult Psychiatry Training Program. Dr. Frank believes in a holistic approach to patient care. She strives to understand and treat every patient using a framework that includes not just the biological (medical), but also the psychological, social, environmental, and cultural elements that may contribute to an individual person’s experience of mental health and wellness.
(617) 812-8845 View (617) 812-8845
Photo of Diana M Gamser, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Diana M Gamser
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
I am a Harvard-trained child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist. I have experience in providing diagnostic assessment, ongoing psychotherapy, parent guidance, medication (psychopharmacology) treatment and consultations. I enjoy working with people of all ages. I have served as a psychiatric consultant to a university counselling service, and I continue to work with middle, high school, and college age students. My approach draws on my training in a wide variety of treatment modalities, including psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and family work.
I am a Harvard-trained child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist. I have experience in providing diagnostic assessment, ongoing psychotherapy, parent guidance, medication (psychopharmacology) treatment and consultations. I enjoy working with people of all ages. I have served as a psychiatric consultant to a university counselling service, and I continue to work with middle, high school, and college age students. My approach draws on my training in a wide variety of treatment modalities, including psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and family work.
(617) 674-1087 View (617) 674-1087
Photo of Nhi-Ha T Trinh, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Nhi-Ha T Trinh
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
My goal is to work collaboratively with you to identify, understand, and tailor treatment to best address your concerns, using a compassionate, holistic, strengths-based perspective. I provide telehealth consultation, culturally responsive psychiatry, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication management.
My goal is to work collaboratively with you to identify, understand, and tailor treatment to best address your concerns, using a compassionate, holistic, strengths-based perspective. I provide telehealth consultation, culturally responsive psychiatry, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and psychiatric medication management.
(617) 906-7330 View (617) 906-7330
Photo of Kaloyan Tanev, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Kaloyan Tanev
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
I help clients resolve psychological or psychiatric problems that keep them from fully experiencing their lives. I also work with people to help them achieve their life goals. Because no two people are the same, treatment for every person should be individually tailored. I do therapy, and use medications when they are needed. Some of the therapies I use are hypnotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, couples and family therapy. I help with anxiety, mood problems, habit problems, co-morbid medical and psychiatric problems, relationship and family problems.
I help clients resolve psychological or psychiatric problems that keep them from fully experiencing their lives. I also work with people to help them achieve their life goals. Because no two people are the same, treatment for every person should be individually tailored. I do therapy, and use medications when they are needed. Some of the therapies I use are hypnotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, couples and family therapy. I help with anxiety, mood problems, habit problems, co-morbid medical and psychiatric problems, relationship and family problems.
(617) 206-3425 View (617) 206-3425
Photo of Devin Gibbs, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Devin Gibbs
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02421
I provide therapy using a psychodynamic framework and integrate techniques from mindfulness, CBT, and DBT.
Most people at some point in their lives find themselves feeling stuck, unable to break out of old patterns or achieve their goals. Many of the individuals I work with are outwardly functioning well in many areas of their lives, but struggling with depression, anxiety, or navigating life transitions. Talk therapy can be a powerful tool to help people move past these roadblocks and build a more meaningful and full life.
I provide therapy using a psychodynamic framework and integrate techniques from mindfulness, CBT, and DBT.
Most people at some point in their lives find themselves feeling stuck, unable to break out of old patterns or achieve their goals. Many of the individuals I work with are outwardly functioning well in many areas of their lives, but struggling with depression, anxiety, or navigating life transitions. Talk therapy can be a powerful tool to help people move past these roadblocks and build a more meaningful and full life.
(339) 331-1566 View (339) 331-1566
Photo of Joshua W Zollman, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Joshua W Zollman
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
I approach psychotherapy with training in a variety of modalities ranging from psychodynamic to behaviorally-oriented therapies, tailored to the need of each patient and their goals.
Practical & individualized psychotherapy and medication management.
I approach psychotherapy with training in a variety of modalities ranging from psychodynamic to behaviorally-oriented therapies, tailored to the need of each patient and their goals.
Practical & individualized psychotherapy and medication management.
(617) 826-8970 View (617) 826-8970
Photo of Fredric Schiffer, Psychiatrist in Massachusetts
Fredric Schiffer
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Newton, MA 02461
I offer a novel approach that posits that trauma is more associated with one brain hemisphere (left or right) and needs to become the focus of an empathic, psychodynamic understanding and assistance.
I am the founder of the Dual-Brain Psychology Institute for the treatment of anxiety, depression, PTSD, addiction, and psychological wellbeing. (www.dual-brainpsychologyinstitute) and the author of Of Two Mind: Dual Brain Psychology (on Amazon) and the recipient of a successful, published NIH funded clinical trial on opioid cravings. My primary focus is the understanding and treatment of one's inner emotional distress and its impact on one's everyday life.
I offer a novel approach that posits that trauma is more associated with one brain hemisphere (left or right) and needs to become the focus of an empathic, psychodynamic understanding and assistance.
I am the founder of the Dual-Brain Psychology Institute for the treatment of anxiety, depression, PTSD, addiction, and psychological wellbeing. (www.dual-brainpsychologyinstitute) and the author of Of Two Mind: Dual Brain Psychology (on Amazon) and the recipient of a successful, published NIH funded clinical trial on opioid cravings. My primary focus is the understanding and treatment of one's inner emotional distress and its impact on one's everyday life.
(617) 409-2786 View (617) 409-2786
Photo of Diane Germano, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Diane Germano
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, BC
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
My practice focuses on helping people with anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, PTSD; individuation within the framework of psychodynamic psychotherapy. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents (18+), adults, couples, and people involved in the arts. Childhood experiences and relationships with one's family of origin influence an individual's personality and provides a template for future relationships. It can therefore be fruitful to understand via therapy that your family relationships are not destiny. I believe therapy is a psychological and spiritual journey, requiring empathy, patience, and validation of feelings.
My practice focuses on helping people with anxiety, depression, and mood disorders, PTSD; individuation within the framework of psychodynamic psychotherapy. I particularly enjoy working with adolescents (18+), adults, couples, and people involved in the arts. Childhood experiences and relationships with one's family of origin influence an individual's personality and provides a template for future relationships. It can therefore be fruitful to understand via therapy that your family relationships are not destiny. I believe therapy is a psychological and spiritual journey, requiring empathy, patience, and validation of feelings.
(617) 446-3247 View (617) 446-3247
Photo of Janice H. Goodman, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner in Massachusetts
Janice H. Goodman
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PhD, PMHNP, PMHCNS
Verified Verified
Wakefield, MA 01880
I am a board-certified psychiatric/mental health nurse practitioner with over 20 years of clinical experience. I specialize in women’s mental health and provide psychotherapy and/or medication management with special attention to the specific needs of women of all ages, including pregnant and postpartum women. I utilize a relationship-based, collaborative, and holistic approach to empower women through knowledge, self-awareness, and self-care. The therapy I provide is grounded in psychodynamic, supportive, cognitive-behavioral, and mindfulness-based theories and approaches.
I am a board-certified psychiatric/mental health nurse practitioner with over 20 years of clinical experience. I specialize in women’s mental health and provide psychotherapy and/or medication management with special attention to the specific needs of women of all ages, including pregnant and postpartum women. I utilize a relationship-based, collaborative, and holistic approach to empower women through knowledge, self-awareness, and self-care. The therapy I provide is grounded in psychodynamic, supportive, cognitive-behavioral, and mindfulness-based theories and approaches.
(781) 775-4963 View (781) 775-4963
Cynthia Telingator
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
My career has focused on humanistic and relational approaches to taking care of children, adolescents, adults and families. Shame, stigma and loss impact development in a multitude of ways, and can deter people from reaching their personal and professional goals. Disruption due to trauma, loss, medical and mental health issues can have long lasting effects. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy and focus on supporting one's resilience and strengths while exploring experiences and feelings which may interfere with forward movement.
My career has focused on humanistic and relational approaches to taking care of children, adolescents, adults and families. Shame, stigma and loss impact development in a multitude of ways, and can deter people from reaching their personal and professional goals. Disruption due to trauma, loss, medical and mental health issues can have long lasting effects. I practice psychodynamic psychotherapy and focus on supporting one's resilience and strengths while exploring experiences and feelings which may interfere with forward movement.
(617) 553-9082 View (617) 553-9082

See more therapy options for Massachusetts

Psychodynamic Psychiatrists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.